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Distancing language is phrasing used by a person to psychologically "distance" themselves from a statement. It is used in an effort to separate a particular topic, idea, discussion, or group from their own personal identity for the purpose of self-deception, deceiving others, or disunifying oneself from a team, among others.[1][2] The use of distancing language is primarily subconscious as a means to disengage oneself from acts or ideas that conflict with their personal values, beliefs, and ideals, and is often used to identify if a person is lying.[2][3][4] Conscious uses of distancing language are often euphemistic in nature in order to downplay or desensitize a loaded topic in an effort to separate the speaker from the subject at hand. [5]
Common practices of distancing language
[edit]Avoiding first-person pronouns
[edit]The use of first-person pronouns as a singular ("I", "me", "my", "myself"), and as a plural ("we", "us", "our", "ourselves") indicates a psychological closeness between the speaker and the topic of discussion. Omitting first-person pronouns suggests the absence of responsibility and identification of the ideas conveyed in the statement.[2][3][6]
"You" as a third-person pronoun
[edit]In the English language, the pronoun "you" can be used as an appropriate use of distancing language in a universal context, where the statements are intended to be applied to anyone in the general public (e.g. the statement "You should never drink and drive" pertains to anyone who drives).[7] Consequently, “you” is a common replacement for a first-person pronoun, often to hint at one’s lack of commitment to or interest in a group or organization.[1]
- When suggesting ways to increase traffic to an organization's information booth at a fair, a group member says, "You'll get the attention of more people if you play upbeat music." The alternative phrasing, "We'll get the attention of more people if we play upbeat music" suggests the speaker identifies with the organization, accepting the shared task of garnering attention to the organization's booth.
Passive voicing
[edit]The use of a passive voice allows for the omission of identity or ownership, since the nature of a passive voice is that an action is done to an object, and the action's agent is not necessary.[7][8]
- A restaurant server tells a customer that "A mistake was made on your order" instead of "I made a mistake on your order" as a way of avoiding ownership.
“that” vs. "this"
[edit]Demonstrative determiners such as “that” and “those” illustrate a physical or psychological distance between the object and the speaker. The demonstratives “this” and “these” refer to an object that is close to the speaker.[9]
- A business owner says, "I did not come up with those ideas", after her business proposal was rejected by investors.
Deflecting, minimizing, omission of detail
[edit]Avoiding straight-forward statements is common in deception, either to another person or in self-deception, in order to avoid details that might signify ownership or personal knowledge of the topic. This is accomplished through statements that deflect the topic or that minimize the importance and impact of the topic; alternatively, the speaker can keep statements vague or use hedge words.[3][4]
- When a man is asked about his ex-girlfriend's infidelity, he shrugs and says, "I guess I should've seen it coming. We were fighting all the time at that point anyway, so we were probably going to break up sooner rather than later."
Euphemisms
[edit]Euphemisms are used as a means of minimizing negative emotions that the statement may elicit (either from the speaker or others), in order to make the speaker appear unaffected and the situation impersonal.[5][10]
- Military personnel may use a range of distancing terms for combatants either killing or getting killed. They may also employ distancing, dehumanizing terms for enemy combatants. "Collateral damage" for the incidental or accidental killing of non-combatants during attacks on legitimate military targets is an example. Other examples include "blue-on-blue" or "friendly" fire.
Examples of distancing language in media
[edit]Former U.S. President Bill Clinton's statement denying a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky is a famous example of distancing language used in deception, referring to Lewinsky as "that woman" despite the fact it was public knowledge that Clinton knew her.[11] In addition, Clinton avoided first-person pronouns, alternatively using the "you" pronoun in reference to the White House (as a whole) being inundated with phone calls.[4] Current U.S. President Donald Trump has shown similar distancing language when dismissing sexual misconduct allegations and shady business deals, and reverts to using "you" when speaking about plans he does not wish to disclose.[4]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Distancing language, what it is, and why you must crush it". Nonprofit AF. 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ a b c "Practical Communication Tools: Distancing Language | You Simply Better". yousimplybetter.com. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ a b c "To Spot a Liar, Listen Closely". Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ a b c d "How to Tell When Trump and Clinton Are Lying Tonight". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ a b Peters, Mark. "The hidden danger of euphemisms". Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ Socialigence (2016-10-08), Distancing Language | Verbal Clues to Deception: 4.2, retrieved 2018-11-27
- ^ a b Hyatt, Peter (2015-07-15). "Statement Analysis ®: Distancing Language and Sexual Assault". Statement Analysis ®. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ "Active vs. Passive voice: What's the difference? What should I use? And why does it matter? | AJE | American Journal Experts". www.aje.com. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ "Demonstratives | English Grammar | EF". EF. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ "25 Common English Euphemisms | Clark and Miller". Clark and Miller. 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ "The lie detective / S.F psychologist has made a science of reading facial expressions". SFGate. 2002-09-16. Retrieved 2018-11-27.