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First declension

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The first declension or alpha declension is considered thematic, with long alpha () at the end of the stem, though it is derived from original athematic Indo-European forms. In Attic Greek, this changes to η everywhere except after ε, ι or ρ. The first declension includes mostly feminine nouns, but also a few masculine nouns, including agent nouns in -της, patronyms in -ίδης, and demonyms.

The first-declension genitive plural always takes a circumflex on the last syllable. In Homeric Greek the ending was -άων () or -έων (from quantitative metathesis of *-ηων). -έων was contracted to -ῶν in Attic.[1]

Feminine long a-stem (non-US order)

feminine:
η
χώρᾱ-
"country"
θεᾱ´-
"goddess"
οἰκίᾱ-
"house"
φωνή-
"voice"
sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl.
nominative χώρᾱ χῶραι θεά θεαί οἰκίᾱ οἰκίαι φωνή φωναί
vocative
accusative χώρᾱν χώρᾱς θεάν θεάς οἰκίᾱν οἰκίᾱς φωνήν φωνάς
genitive χώρᾱς χωρῶν θεᾶς θεῶν οἰκίᾱς οἰκιῶν φωνῆς φωνῶν
dative χώρᾳ χώραις θεᾷ θεαῖς οἰκίᾳ οἰκίαις φωνῇ φωναῖς

Feminine long a-stem (US order)

feminine:
η
χώρᾱ-
"country"
θεᾱ´-
"goddess"
οἰκίᾱ-
"house"
φωνή-
"voice"
sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl.
nominative χώρᾱ χῶραι θεά θεαί οἰκίᾱ οἰκίαι φωνή φωναί
vocative
genitive χώρᾱς χωρῶν θεᾶς θεῶν οἰκίᾱς οἰκιῶν φωνῆς φωνῶν
dative χώρᾳ χώραις θεᾷ θεαῖς οἰκίᾳ οἰκίαις φωνῇ φωναῖς
accusative χώρᾱν χώρᾱς θεάν θεάς οἰκίᾱν οἰκίᾱς φωνήν φωνάς

Feminine short a-stem

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Some nouns have short in the nominative, vocative and accusative singular,[2] but are otherwise identical to other feminine first-declension nouns. They are recessively accented.

Most nouns in this category were formed with the suffix *-ya (sometimes written -ι̯ᾰ).[3] The *y (representing the semivowel [j]) undergoes one of several sound changes with the consonant at the end of the stem:

  1. ^ Smyth. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. § 214 D: dialectal first-declension forms.
  2. ^ Smyth. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. § 219: short-a first declension.
  3. ^ Smyth. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. §§ 221: suffix -ι̯ᾰ in short-a first declension.
  4. ^ Smyth. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. §§ 112: κι̯, χι̯ to ττ (σσ).
  5. ^ Smyth. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. §§ 111: epenthesis of ι̯ suffixed to an, on, ar, or.
  6. ^ Smyth. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. § 37: compensatory lengthening.