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References for Brain Damage

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]Use this for symptoms/signs and for Korsakoff's psychosis

[5] Wernicke-Korsakoffs syndrome

[6] meddling wernick

[7]

Symptoms

Symptoms of brain injuries vary based on the severity of the injury or how much of the brain is affected. The three categories used for classifying the severity of brain injuries are mild, moderate or severe.[1]

Mild Brain Injuries

Symptoms of a mild brain injury include headaches, confusions, ringing ears, fatigue, changes in sleep patterns, mood or behavior. Trouble with memory, concentration, attention or thinking. [2]

Moderate/Severe Brain Injuries

The physical symptoms include headaches that do not go away or worsen, vomiting or nausea, convulsions, abnormal dilation of the eyes, inability to awaken from sleep, weakness in extremities and loss of coordination. Cognitive symptoms include confusion, aggressive, abnormal behavior, slurred speech and coma or other disorders of consciousness. [2]

Symptoms in Children

Since young children lack the ability to properly communicate symptoms similar to adults. Symptoms observed in children include changes in eating habits, persistent irritability or sadness, changes in attention, disrupted sleeping habits, or loss of interest in toys.[2]

Symptoms of brain injuries can also be influenced by the location of the injury.

Causes:

Brain injuries can result from a number of conditions including open head injury, closed head injury, deceleration injuries, exposure to toxic chemicals, lack of oxygen, tumors, infections, stroke.[7]

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome can cause brain damage and results from a Vitamin B deficiency. This syndrome presents with two conditions, Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff psychosis. Typically Wernicke’s encephalopathy proceeds symptoms of Korsakoff psychosis. Wernicke’s encephalopathy causes bleeding in the thalamus or hypothalamus, which controls the nervous and endocrine system. Due to the bleeding, brain damage occurs causing problems with vision, coordination and balance. Korsakoff typically follow after the symptoms of Wernicke’s decrease and result from chronic brain damage[6]. Korsakoff psychosis affect memory. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is typically caused by chronic alcohol abuse or by conditions that affect nutritional absorption, including colon cancer, eating disorders and gastric bypass[5].

Diagnosis

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the most widely used scoring system used to assess the level of severity of a brain injury. ** This method is based on the objective observations of specific traits to determine the severity of a brain injury. It is based on three traits eye opening, verbal response, and motor response, gauged as described below.[8]

The Eye Opening

  1. None
  2. To pain
  3. To Voice
  4. Spontaneous

Verbal Response

  1. None
  2. No words, only sounds
  3. Words, not coherent
  4. Disoriented conversation
  5. Normal conversation

Motor Response

  1. None
  2. Decorticate: abnormal posture characterized by clenched fists, legs straight, arms bent toward chest
  3. Decerebrate: abnormal posture in which the arms and legs are held straight out, toes pointed downward and the chin angled up.
  4. Withdraws to pain
  5. Localized to pain
  6. Normal

Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale serverity is classifed as follows, severe brain injuries score 3-8, moderate brain injuries score 9-12 and mild score 13-15. [8]

Imaging Techniques

There are several imaging techniques that can aid in diagnosing and assessing the extent of rain damage, such as computed tomography (CT) scan magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission tomography (SPECT).  CT scans and MRI are the two techniques widely used and are most effective. CT scans can show brain bleeds, fractures of the skull, fluid build up in the brain that will lead to increased cranial pressure. MRI is able to better to detect smaller injuries, detect damage within the brain, diffuse axonal injury, injuries to the brainstem, posterior fossa, and subtemporal and subfrontal regions. However patients with pacemakers, metallic implants, or other metal within their bodies are unable to have an MRI done. Typically the other imaging techniques are not used in a clinical setting because of the cost, lack of availability. [3]

Notes

It can be helpful to copy and paste the text below into a sandbox, and apply all of the options directly to this text to see what it does.

Paragraph: This helps you set the style of the text. For example, a header, or plain paragraph text. You can also use it to offset block quotes.

A : Highlight your text, then click here to format it with bold, italics, etc. The "More" options allows you to underline, add code snippets, and change language keyboards.

Links: The chain button allows you to link your text. Highlight the word, and push the button. VisualEditor will automatically suggest related Wikipedia articles for that word or phrase. This is a great way to connect your article to more Wikipedia content. You only have to link important words once, usually during the first time they appear. If you want to link to pages outside of Wikipedia (for an "external links" section, for example) click on the "External link" tab.

Cite: The citation tool in VisualEditor helps format your citations. You can simply paste a DOI or URL, and the VisualEditor will try to sort out all of the fields you need. Be sure to review it, however, and apply missing fields manually (if you know them). You can also add books, journals, news, and websites manually. That opens up a quick guide for inputting your citations. Finally, you can click the "re-use" tab if you've already added a source and just want to cite it again. [9]

  • Bullets: To add bullet points or a numbered list, click here.
  • Insert: This tab lets you add media, images, or tables.
  • Ω The final tab allows you to add special characters, such as those found in non-English words, scientific notation, and a handful of language extensions.


notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Traumatic Brain Injury Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". www.ninds.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  2. ^ a b c d "Traumatic brain injury Symptoms - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
  3. ^ a b Watanabe, Thomas; Marino, Michael (2015). Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-179329-2 – via Access Medicine.
  4. ^ "Brain Injury and Confabulation: A Review for Caregivers and Professionals - Concordia University, St. Paul Online". Concordia University, St. Paul Online. 2014-07-16. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  5. ^ a b "Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome". Healthline. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  6. ^ a b "Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  7. ^ a b "TBI: Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury". www.traumaticbraininjury.com. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  8. ^ a b "What Is the Glasgow Coma Scale?". Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  9. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boldness and citation