User:Meredithmeyer/sandbox

Discovery

Fossils (Chart copied from Denisovan)

Name	Species	Age	Discovery	Place	First published	Publication	Conservation	GenBank accession
Denisova 3(aka X Woman) (fifth distal finger phalanx)	Homo sp.	30-50 ka	2008 Michael Shunkov	Denisova cave (Russia)	Johannes Krause, et al.	2010	Cut in two parts in 2010, proximal base sent to Max Planck Institute where it was partially destroyed for genomic analysis, distal part to UC Berkeley.	NC013993
Denisova 4(cynodont molar)	Homo sp.	30–50 ka	2000	Denisova cave (Russia)	David Reich, et al.	2010		FR695060
Denisova 8(upper left molar)	Homo sp.		2010	Denisova cave (Russia)	Susanna Sawyer, et al.	2015		KT780370
Denisova 2 (deciduous molar)	Homo sp.	> 100 ka	1984	Denisova cave (Russia)	Viviane Slon, et al.	2017	Using a dentistry drill, the surface material was removed and 10.2 mg of tooth powder was extracted at the apical end of the root.^[1]	KX663333
Xiahe mandible(partial)	Homo sp.	> 160 ka	1980	Baishiya Cave(China)	Chen Fahu,et al.	2019	Several bone and tooth samples were taken along with samples from the crust adhering to the mandible. These samples were destroyed through a variety of testing methods including U–Th dating, DNA analysis, and protein extraction. ^[2]
Denisova 11(aka Denny) (arm or leg bone fragment)	Homo sp. Denisovan/Neanderthal hybrid	~90 ka	2012	Denisova cave (Russia)	Samantha Brown, et al.	2016		KU131206

Artifacts

Within Denisova Cave possible Denisovan artifacts were excavated among the fossils. These artifacts were found in the Initial Paleolithic level and included several decorative pieces like rings, beads, and pendants made from animal remains. ^[3] In addition to these, tools and weapons, including scrapers and blades, were also found from the Upper Paleolithic period.

Interbreeding

Evidence of interbreeding

added to title to section

Possible dispersal routes

Took genome data and tested

Added section after interbreeding about possible dispersal routes of Denisovans.

Possible Dispersal Routes

Archaeological evidence suggests that the Denisovans were a result of an earlier distinct migration out of Africa. After leaving Africa the common ancestor of Denisovans and Neanderthals had experienced interbreeding and low gene flow before separating and going their separate ways.^[4] Originally, it was believed that Denisovans only existed in Siberia, however new data argues this is not completely true. Through cross examining the genome sequences of modern humans, chimpanzees, Neanderthals, and Denisovans, researchers found that Denisovan genetic material was present in Southeast Asians and Oceanians.^[5] This means that interbreeding between Denisovans and modern humans potentially occurred in Southeast Asia, suggesting that Denisovan populations spanned from Siberia to Southeast Asia. Additionally, genome data from the southeast Asian population was tested for Denisovan DNA and the results were compiled. Denisovan population groups are theorised to have migrated multiple times in Southeast Asia, the first of which had spread throughout Southeast Asia and had settled in Papua New Guinea 46,000 years ago. The second wave came 30,000 years ago and also reached Papua New Guinea. A third and final wave was thought to have introgressed in east Asia. However, there is not as much evidence found in the Denisovan DNA to pinpoint a solid timeframe for this third migration.^[6]

Meredithmeyer (talk) 22:42, 10 November 2019 (UTC)Meredith

^ Slon, Viviane; Viola, Bence; Renaud, Gabriel; Gansauge, Marie-Theres; Benazzi, Stefano; Sawyer, Susanna; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Shunkov, Michael V.; Derevianko, Anatoly P.; Kelso, Janet; Prüfer, Kay (2017-07-07). "A fourth Denisovan individual". Science Advances. 3 (7). doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700186. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 5501502. PMID 28695206.
^ Chen, Fahu; Welker, Frido; Shen, Chuan-Chou; Bailey, Shara E.; Bergmann, Inga; Davis, Simon; Xia, Huan; Wang, Hui; Fischer, Roman; Freidline, Sarah E.; Yu, Tsai-Luen (May 2019). "A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau". Nature. 569 (7756): 409–412. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1139-x. ISSN 1476-4687.
^ Jacobs, Zenobia; Li, Bo; Shunkov, Michael V.; Kozlikin, Maxim B.; Bolikhovskaya, Nataliya S.; Agadjanian, Alexander K.; Uliyanov, Vladimir A.; Vasiliev, Sergei K.; O’Gorman, Kieran; Derevianko, Anatoly P.; Roberts, Richard G. (2019-01). "Timing of archaic hominin occupation of Denisova Cave in southern Siberia". Nature. 565 (7741): 594–599. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0843-2. ISSN 1476-4687. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Rogers AR, Bohlender RJ, Huff CD (2017) Early history of Neanderthals and Denisovans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:9859–9863.
^ Reich, David; Patterson, Nick; Kircher, Martin; Delfin, Frederick; Nandineni, Madhusudan R.; Pugach, Irina; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Ko, Ying-Chin; Jinam, Timothy A.; Phipps, Maude E.; Saitou, Naruya (2011). "Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 89 (4): 516–528. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005. ISSN 0002-9297. {{cite journal}}: no-break space character in |first10= at position 6 (help); no-break space character in |first5= at position 11 (help); no-break space character in |first7= at position 7 (help); no-break space character in |first9= at position 8 (help)
^ Jacobs, Guy S.; Hudjashov, Georgi; Saag, Lauri; Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Darusallam, Chelzie C.; Lawson, Daniel J.; Mondal, Mayukh; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Stoneking, Mark; Metspalu, Mait (2019-05-02). "Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans". Cell. 177 (4): 1010–1021.e32. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.035. ISSN 0092-8674.