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History of the Quran (German: Geschichte des Qorâns) is a work on the Quran by German scholar Theodor Nöldeke (1836–1930). Originally published in 1860, the History was revised and expanded by Noldeke's students and successors between 1909 and 1938.[1] An English translation was published in 2013.[2]
Nöldeke's book has exerted a great influence over the field of Quranic studies, and was described by the scholar Angelika Neuwirth as "the rock of our church".[3]
What is to be done?
- Find more sources talking about what the book is actually about; add this information to the lede and "content" section
- "reception" section: add a proper analysis of how the Geschichte has been received by Western and Islamic scholars; for this, use Sinai, Neuwirth article (also find a source talking about how Neuwirth adapts the chronology).
- Find another image if possible - a picture of the original German title page should be public domain.
Content
[edit]The Geschichte, a primarily philological work written in German, emerged from a dissertation Nöldeke began during his university studies, which was completed in 1856 and titled De origine et compositione surarum qoranicarum ipsiusque Qorani (On the origin and composition of the Qur'anic suras and the Qur'an itself).[4] Compared to earlier studies of the Quran by Westerners, Nöldeke uncoupled the study of the scripture from inquiries into the life of Muhammad.[citation needed] Furthermore, unlike predecessors such as William Muir, Nöldeke did not have a missionary zeal. Instead, Nöldeke studied the Quran for its own sake.[citation needed] One of the most important aspects of Nöldeke's argument was his periodisation of the Quranic surahs into a tripartite "Meccan" phase (Early, Middle, and Late Meccan surahs) followed by a "Medinan" phase (an idea already conceived by his predecessor, Gustav Weil). Nöldeke followed the traditional chronological division of suras (i.e. the division used by Muslim scholars), but deviated from it in places. At the same time, Nöldeke also considered his division to be malleable and tentative to a degree as opposed to absolute and deciding.[5][6] As such, Noldeke's work also produced a consensus among Western scholars that the Quran reflected the preaching of Muhammad in two distinct locations, namely Mecca and Medina. Noldeke also accepted[further explanation needed] that a canonization event occured during the reign of the third caliph, Uthman.[7]
Noldeke's chronology
[edit]- Group 1. First Meccan Period (48 Surahs): Surahs 96; 74; 111; 106; 108; 104; 107; 102; 105; 92; 90; 94; 93; 97; 86; 91; 80; 68; 87; 95; 103; 85; 73; 101; 99; 82; 81; 53; 84; 100; 79; 77; 78; 88; 89; 75; 83; 69; 51; 52; 56; 70; 55; 112; 109; 113; 114; 1
- Group 2. Second Meccan Period (21 Surahs): 54; 37; 71; 76; 44; 50; 20; 26; 15; 19; 38; 36; 43; 72; 67; 23; 21; 25; 17; 27; 18
- Group 3. Third Meccan Period (21 Surahs): 32; 41; 45; 16; 30; 11; 14; 12; 40; 28; 39; 29; 31; 42; 10; 34; 35; 7; 46; 6; 13
- Group 4. Medinan Period (24 Surahs): 2; 98; 64; 62; 8; 47; 3; 61; 57; 4; 65; 59; 33; 63; 24; 58; 22; 48; 66; 60; 110; 49; 9; 5
Expansions by Noldeke's successors
[edit]First published in 1860, the Geschichte continued to be revised and expanded by Noldeke's students and successors (Friedrich Schwally, Gotthelf Bergsträsser and Otto Pretzl) until 1938. Revisions and expansions by Schwally appeared between 1909 and 1919; supplements by Bergsträsser appeared from 1926 to 1929; and Pretzl's were all published in 1938. The expansions by Bergsträsser and Pretzl brought into particular focus the subject of the variant readings (qirāʼāt) of the Quran including how they had been received in the history of classical scholarship.[1]
Reception
[edit]Though Nöldeke's work has been followed closely by some and rejected by others,[8] it has been so influential that at least one scholar has referred to his work as "the rock of our church".[3]
In 2013, a complete translation of the volume into English was published.[2]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Shah 2020, p. 197.
- ^ a b Noldeke et al. 2013.
- ^ a b Higgins, Andrew. "The Lost Archive". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
- ^ Nöldeke, Theodor (1856). De origine et compositione surarum Qoranicarum ipsiusque Qorani (in Latin). Officina academica Dieterichiana.
- ^ Stefanidis 2008, p. 8.
- ^ Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2011-01-01). "Le problème de la chronologie du Coran1". Arabica. 58 (6): 477–502. doi:10.1163/157005811X587903. ISSN 1570-0585.
- ^ Stewart 2017, p. 10–12.
- ^ Shoemaker, Stephen (2022). "Method and Theory in the Study of Early Islam". In Dye, Guillaume (ed.). Early Islam: the sectarian milieu of late antiquity?. Problèmes d'histoire des religions. Brussels: Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles. ISBN 978-2-8004-1815-5.
Sources
[edit]- Shah, Mustafa (2020). "The Corpus of Qur'anic Readings (qirāʾāt)". In Shah, Mustafa; Haleem, M.A.S. Abdel (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–216.
- Neuwirth, Angelika (2007). "Orientalism in Oriental Studies? Qur'anic Studies as a Case in Point". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 9 (2): 115–127 – via JSTOR.
- Noldeke, Theodor; Schwally, Friedrich; Bergsträßer, Gotthelf; Pretzl, Otto (2013). The History of the Qurʾān. Brill.
- Sinai, Nicolai (2017). The Qur'an: A Historical-Critical Introduction. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748695775.
- Stefanidis, Emmanuelle (2008). "The Qur'an Made Linear: A Study of the Geschichte des Qorâns' Chronological Reordering". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 10 (2): 1–22 – via JSTOR.
- Stewart, Devin (2017). "Reflections on the State of the Art in Western Qurʾanic Studies". In Bakhos, Carol; Cook, Michael (eds.). Islam and Its Past: Jahiliyya, Late Antiquity, and the Qurʾan. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–68.