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Afghan peace process

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Afghan peace process (1978-present ) refers to a process containing intermittent efforts made by Afghan people, government, as well as international organizations, which aimed at ending the continuous war and helped to promote the peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding[1] in Afghanistan. This peace process emerged in around 1978, kept developing during the ongoing violence and conflicts in Afghanistan, and still continued up to now.[2]

United Nations(UN)


In the Afghan history from 1978 to nowadays, Afghanistan was in the flames of war continuously. The Soviet–Afghan War occurred firstly and lasted for 10 years, which kicked off the long-term no peace situation and started to become one of the least peaceful states worldwide.[2] In the immediate aftermath of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1989, the Afghan Civil War broke out and did not bring to an end until 2001.[3] [4]Civil War brought was a huge disaster which brought indelible hurt to the Afghan people, and further exacerbated the security problem in Afghanistan.[3][2] During the conflicts wars, reform and revolutions, new governments were established to replace the old while several international power intervened Afghan internal affairs.[5] from the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) in 1965, Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in 1996 to the today's Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

Those regime changes and interventions in fact directly or indirectly influenced the Afghan peace process accordingly and to the certain extent, let it move forward slowly. Along with the changes of historical, political and military facts in Afghanistan, there were different kinds of methods adopting by different internal and International parties, which contributed to the development of Afghan peace process. [3]From 1978-1987, the Afghan Women's Council was established to help Afghan women and children by protecting their rights, guarantee their basic life by improving the living condition. And in 2010, Afghan High Peace Council (HPC) [6]was established and the Afghan Peace Jirga 2010 [7][8]was held to make progress in the Afghan peace-making. In 2015, a non-governmental organization (NGO) named Afghanistan Institute of Peace (AFGIP)[9] was created to bring positive changes in the Afghan peace process.Besides, international organizations, especially the United Nations (UN)[10] and other Non-governmental organizations (NGO), also made efforts trying to lead the development of the Afghan peace process by providing specific peacemaking guide and framework.[11]


Historical and social contexts

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Map of Afghanistan from 1989-2001
Civil War in Afghanistan
Time1989-2001
LocationAfghanistan
Typecivil war

Conflicts and wars

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Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)

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In the Soviet–Afghan War(1979-1989), groups called 'mujahideen'[3] launched a series of wars to fight against the power of Democratic Republic of Afghanistan government which was established after the Saur Revolution as well as the intervention of Soviet. These wars were thought to had originated from the large-scale modernization reforms (which were not supported by citizens) the government force to introduced throughout different regions of Afghanistan after the success of the Saur Revolution in 1978. In these nine years, the war caused more than 50 thousand deaths, millions of innocent Afghan civilians were in peril of their life and finally became refugees fleeing to other countries.[12]

Afghan Civil War (1989-2001)

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Afghan Civil War refers to a series of wars among different Afghan groups and armies. It began in April of 1989 when one of the mujahideen groups Hezb-e Islam led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar rejected to join the negotiation which was organized by the major mujahideen parties to form a new government (the Islamic State government).[3] The troops of Hekmatyar have been garrisoned in the capital city Kabul, which threatened the other mujahideen armies and directly started the civil war.[2]

The civil war started in Kabul in 1989 and then spread to the whole territory of Afghanistan since 1994. From 1996, Taliban rise to power, fought against the new government established by other 5 parties and finally occupied Kabul with the build of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The Afghan civil war continued until the U.S. and U.K. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001.[3][2]

Reform and revolution

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Saur/April revolution
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Day after Saur revolution in Kabul

The Saur Revolution was launched by the people's People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) on April 27 1978, which was in order to overthrow the regime of president Mohammed Daoud Khan -centered government and his rules. [3][5]As a result, the president was murdered, meanwhile, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan governed by new president Nur Muhammad Taraki was established to replace the previous Republic of Afghanistan. Generally, the Saur Revolution was regarded as a beginning which kicked off the Soviet intervention later in 1979.[5]


Day after Saur revolution in Kabul




Regime changes

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Here a short table listing the main regime change in Afghanistan is given.

Year Regime
1709 Mirwais Hotak gained independence at Kandahar after a successful revolution against the Persian Safavid dynasty.
1747 Ahmad Shah Durrani declared the establishment of Durrani Empire, with its capital at Kandahar.
1809 Durrani signed a treaty of alliance with the United Kingdom.
1965 Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA)
1995 The Taliban, with Pakistani support, initiated a military campaign against the Islamic State of Afghanistan and its capital Kabul.
1996 The Taliban conquered Kabul and declared the establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Taliban
طالبان (Pashto)
Leaders
Dates of operation
Group(s)Primarily Pashtuns;[13][14] Tajiks, Uzbeks and Turkmens[15]
Headquarters
Active regions
  Under control of the Afghan Government, NATO, and Allies
  Under control of the Taliban, Al-Qaeda, and Allies
  Under control of the Islamic State (ISIL) and Allies
Ideology
Size
  • 45,000 (2001 est.)[28]
  • 11,000 (2008 est.)[29]
  • 36,000 (2010 est.)[30]
  • 60,000 (2014 est.)[31]
AlliesState allies

Non-state allies

OpponentsState opponents
Non-state opponents
Battles and wars
Preceded by
Students of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam

The rise of Taliban

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Not to be confused with Talidan or Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.

The Taliban rose as one of the crucial power in the Afghan Civil war (1996-2001), it emerged in 1994 and was gradually in power over the main territory of Afghanistan during the next 8 years.[52]The Taliban was initially constituted by Afghan students who and received conventional Islamic education and participated the was against Soviet Union and received conventional Islamic education in the early days. In order to control the whole Afghanistan, the Taliban had started attacking Kabul in 1995.[2] The capital was constantly bombarded, the fierce attacks of Taliban did not stop until 1996 when Massoud (the leader of ) commanded a full-scale withdrawal from Kabul, transferring the troops to fight in the mountains. On September 27 1996, the Taliban occupied the capital Kabul and then established the regime named 'the islamic Emirate of Afghanistan'.[53] [54]The Taliban's Emirate government held power over 90% territory of Afghanistan by 1998 and kept ruling the country until the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan in 2001 when the Afghan Northern Alliance and the U.S. overthrew the Taliban regime.[55] Later, the Taliban reorganized into a rebel group to fight against ISAF and Karzai government in the 'War in Afghanistan'.[56]

International political intervention and invasion

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"Invasion of Afghanistan" redirects here. For other invasions of Afghanistan, see Invasions of Afghanistan.

Soviet intervention

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It is generally thought the Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan began in December, 1979 when the then President Hafizullah Amin was killed by the Soviet Army. The Soviet Union then appointed Babrak Karmal as the new President of Afghanistan and started the nine years war with Afghan mujahideen groups.[4] Because of the rise of resistance forces, the Soviet leadership reappointed Mohammad Najibullah as president in 1987 to replace Karmel because of his incompetent. Although the Soviet Union considered withdrawing from Afghanistan as early as 1980, the troop did not begin to withdraw in succession until 1988. Till 1989, the Soviet intervention ended with the failure of the Soviet–Afghan War.[57][58]

US intervention (invasion) and UK intervention

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After the 9/11 attacks in 2001, the United States started to invade Afghanistan[59] in order to destroy al-Qaeda's terrorist network and deprive the power of Taliban regime.[60]This invasion was strongly supported by allies of the United States from the beginning, especially the United Kingdom. Therefore, this invasion in Afghanistan was defined as US and UK intervention.

Taliban regime was overthrown by the United States in the December o 2001 while a large number of al-Qaeda and Taliban members were not controlled yet. Also in December 2001, aiming at monitoring the military operations in the Afghanistan, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was set up by the United Nations Security Council.[61] In 2002, Mullah Omar, who was the the leader of the Taliban rearranged the remnants and initiated a rebellion against the ISAF, which continues developing till the present.

In August 2003, NATO became a coalition, taking over the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).[59] Thereafter, part of the U.S. military in Afghanistan followed the NATO command while the rest was still directly commanded by the U.S.

Development of the peace process

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Internal

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The internal development of the Afghan peace process mainly happened in the 20th century.

Year Process
1978-1987 Afghan Women's Council (AWC)
2010 Afghan Peace Jirga 2010
2010 Afghan High Peace Council (HPC)
2015 Afghanistan Institute of Peace (AFGIP)

Afghan Peace Jirga 2010

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About 1,600 government selected participants attended the Peace Jirga

Afghan Peace Jirga 2010 is an alternative name of Afghanistan's National Consultative (NCPJ) which is held by Afghan President Hamid Karzai after his success in elections in 2010[7]. "Jirga" means 'rally' or 'council' in Pashto language, which is a.classical form of solving tribal conflicts or making determinations affecting the whole communities in Afghanistan. The Afghan Peace Jirga mainly aimed at bringing an end to the in-progress Taliban rebellion.[8] More than 1600 representatives participated in this Jirga, including all kinds of occupations. Representatives held intense discussion on the agenda of the rally, putting forward various approaches to end the war and bring the peace in the Afghanistan.[62]

Afghan High Peace Council (HPC)

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"The Afghanistan High Peace Council (HPC) is a body of the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program"[6] It was established in 2010 aiming at promote Afghan peace by negotiating with the Taliban forces.

Afghanistan Institute of Peace (AFGIP)

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The logo of the Afghanistan Institute of Peace (AFGIP)

Afghanistan Institute of Peace (AFGIP) is a NGO established in 2015 aiming at bring positive changes in Afghan peace making and peace keeping work. [9]The AFGIP bring the Afghan native peace makers together and cooperate with international experts in order to positively bring significant results in promoting Afghan peace process. [63]The institute especially targets the communities where have wars and conflicts, they do a large number of researches and try to analyze the origins and causes of different conflicts and then pertinently put forward various strategies and approaches to each community. In this way, the AFGIP advocate, the living capacity of citizens can be improved, which can potentially stabilize the society and further contribute to the local peace in the long term.[9][63]


international (United Nation)

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The UN sanctions against the Taliban

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The United Nations had started to apply sanctions against the Taliban regime since 1999, adopting a large number of resolutions in order to prevent the international terrorism organized and conducted by the Taliban. the U.N. Security Council "strongly condemned [...] training and planning"[64] of terrorists and terrorists acts and "reiterat[ed]... deep concern"[64] of terrorist activities, as well as violations of international humanitarian law and of human rights, in particular discrimination against women and girls.[64]

In December 2001, aiming at monitoring the military operations in the Afghanistan, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was set up by the United Nations Security Council.

When two American embassies in South Africa were bombed by the Taliban, the United Nations imposed the Security Council Resolution 1267 to financially apply sanctions on Afghan government officials controlled by Taliban.[65]

After the invasion of US in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Taliban, the sanctions began to aim at limit the conducts of individuals rather than targeting associations.

Afghan women in the peace process

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Efforts made be Afghanistan women

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Afghan Women's Network

In the 1900s, Afghan women who were under the power of Taliban, especially the widows, were suffering from the tough and severe life. Although women worked to support the fundamental economy of the whole family, they did not have any right to make a decision. Their personal safety could not be guaranteed and they were deprived of the right to dress freely, be educated, and even the right of reproductive. Meanwhile, the Afghan female refugees were more dangerous if they returned back to Afghanistan without the protection of men family member.[11] Faced with these problems, some educated Afghan women were pushed to adopt measures to make a change. In 1995, some Afghan women representatives attend the NGO Forum on Women in Hairou, China.[10] After returning back to Pakistan, they were inspired to put together an Afghan feminist organization named the Afghan Women's Network [66]in order to protect women's human rights as well as promote the Afghan peace process.

In 1996, the Afghan Women's Network emphasized the necessity of including women in the peace process to the United Nations (UN) by writing a letter to the envoy Ambassador Mahmoud Mestiri who was responsible for the Afghanistan peace establishing work. In that letter, the propositions of the Afghan Women's Network about the Afghan peace were presented: besides merely stop the war, it is crucial to get the support and efforts from all the organizations (both internal and international) and individuals to build peace in Afghan in the long term. The peace claimed by the Afghan Women's Network came from collaboration and was based on the guarantee of personal security and human rights and mutual respect.[66][11]

Guide for future

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Lessons and experiences

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expectations and ideas

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Reference

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