User:Mastrofran/sandbox
Many semiconductors are produced from trimethylgallium, trimethylindium, trimethylaluminium, and trimethylantimony. These volatile compounds are decomposed along with ammonia, arsine, phosphine and related hydrides on a heated substrate via metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) process in the production of light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
Catalysis
[edit]Organometallic complexes are commonly used in catalysis, especially in cross-coupling reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds. Perhaps among the most infamous examples of organometallic catalysis is the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, involving a palladium catalyst.[1] Recent publications have demonstrated advancement of the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction using carbon-metal frameworks.[2] These strong-field carbon ligands provide ample electron density for the metal catalyst to participate in redox chemistry. In addition, organometallic complexes bearing chiral ligands can participate in asymmetric catalysis.[3] Chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes have received popular attention as organometallic ligands for catalysis due to their ability to produce stereoselective products.[4] Another prominent cross-coupling reaction involving the use of organometallic complexes is the Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction. The Buchwald-Hartwig reaction is a palladium-catalyzed reaction, providing an efficient method for producing aryl amines from aryl halides.[5]
Organometallic Reactions
[edit]The synthesis of many organic molecules are facilitated by organometallic complexes. Sigma-bond metathesis is a synthetic method for forming new carbon-carbon sigma bonds. Sigma-bond metathesis is typically used with early transition-metal complexes that are in their highest oxidation state.[6] Using transition-metals that are in their highest oxidation state prevents other reactions from occurring, such as oxidative addition. In addition to sigma-bond metathesis, olefin metathesis is used to synthesize various carbon-carbon pi bonds. Neither sigma-bond metathesis or olefin metathesis change the oxidation state of the metal.[7][8] Many other methods are used to form new carbon-carbon bonds, including beta-hydride elimination and insertion reactions.
Environmental concerns
[edit]- ^ Maluenda, Irene; Navarro, Oscar (2015-04-24). "Recent Developments in the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction: 2010–2014". Molecules. 20 (5): 7528–7557. doi:10.3390/molecules20057528.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Jana, Ranjan; Pathak, Tejas P.; Sigman, Matthew S. (2011-03-09). "Advances in Transition Metal (Pd,Ni,Fe)-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions Using Alkyl-organometallics as Reaction Partners". Chemical Reviews. 111 (3): 1417–1492. doi:10.1021/cr100327p. ISSN 0009-2665.
- ^ Yoon, Minyoung; Srirambalaji, Renganathan; Kim, Kimoon (2012-02-08). "Homochiral Metal–Organic Frameworks for Asymmetric Heterogeneous Catalysis". Chemical Reviews. 112 (2): 1196–1231. doi:10.1021/cr2003147. ISSN 0009-2665.
- ^ Díez-González, Silvia; Marion, Nicolas; Nolan, Steven P. (2009-08-12). "N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Late Transition Metal Catalysis". Chemical Reviews. 109 (8): 3612–3676. doi:10.1021/cr900074m. ISSN 0009-2665.
- ^ Magano, Javier; Dunetz, Joshua R. (2011-03-09). "Large-Scale Applications of Transition Metal-Catalyzed Couplings for the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals". Chemical Reviews. 111 (3): 2177–2250. doi:10.1021/cr100346g. ISSN 0009-2665.
- ^ Waterman, Rory (2013-12-23). "σ-Bond Metathesis: A 30-Year Retrospective". Organometallics. 32 (24): 7249–7263. doi:10.1021/om400760k. ISSN 0276-7333.
- ^ "The Organometallic HyperTextBook: Olefin Metathesis". www.ilpi.com. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
- ^ "Organometallic HyperTextBook: Sigma Bond Metathesis". www.ilpi.com. Retrieved 2017-12-26.