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Annie Russell Maunder
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Early life and education-
[edit]Original article copied from Annie Russell Maunder article
[edit]Annie Scott Dill Russell was born in 1868 in The Manse, Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland, to William Andrew Russell and Hessy Nesbitt Russell (née Dill).[1] [2]Her father was the minister of the Presbyterian Church in Strabane until 1882. She received her secondary education at the Ladies Collegiate School in Belfast, which later became Victoria College. Winning a prize in an 1886 intermediate school examination, she was able to sit the Girton open entrance scholarship examination, and was awarded a three-year scholarship.
She studied at Cambridge University (Girton College) and in 1889 she passed the degree examinations with honours, as the top mathematician of her year at Girton, and ranked Senior Optime (equivalent to second class at other universities) in the university results list. However the restrictions of the period did not allow her to receive the B.A. degree she would otherwise have earned.[2]
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[edit]Personal life -
[edit]Original article copied from Annie Russell Maunder article
[edit]Walter and Annie had no children together, although Walter had five children from a previous marriage[2]. Annie was 17 years younger than Walter and only nine years older than his oldest son[2][3]. Annie was described as having an active mind and a "lively imagination was combined with a tireless zeal in seeking evidence and working out details before presenting any conclusions”.Walter died in 1928 at the age of 76. Annie died almost two decades later, aged 79, in Wandsworth, London in 1947.
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[edit]Astronomical Research-
[edit]Original article copied from Annie Russell Maunder article
[edit]==Astronomical research==
In 1891, Russell began work at the Greenwich Royal Observatory, serving as one of the "lady computers" assigned to the solar department at a salary of four pounds per month.[2] This was a special department set up in 1873 to photograph the sun. There, Russell assisted Walter Maunder, and she spent a great deal of time photographing the sun. The solar maximum of 1894 resulted in a high number of sunspots, the movements of which Russell also tracked.[2]
Maunder and Russell were married in 1895, and Annie was required to resign from her job due to restrictions on married women working in public service.[2] However, the two continued to collaborate, and Annie accompanied Walter on solar eclipse expeditions.[2] In 1897, Annie received a grant from Girton College to acquire a short-focus camera with a 1.5-inch lens which she took on expeditions. She used this camera to photograph the outer solar corona from India in 1898.
In 1900 Russell, along with other members of the British Astronomical Association, traveled to Algiers to observe the total eclipse of the sun on the 28th of May of that year. The members of the association that accompanied Russell were Mary Acworth Evershed, Lilian Martin-Leake and C. O. Stevens.[4][5]
Annie published The Heavens and their Story in 1908, with her husband Walter as co-author. [2](She was credited by her husband as the primary author.)[2] The book contains her photographs of the sun and the Milky Way. She was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in November 1916,[6] [2] ten months after the bar on female Fellows was lifted. She had first been nominated for election 24 years earlier.[7][2] Earlier she had become a member of the British Astronomical Association, which her husband had helped found in 1890. Although he had been fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society since 1875, Maunder wanted an association of astronomers open to every person interested in astronomy, from every class of society, and especially open for women.
She returned to the Royal Greenwich Observatory as a volunteer during World War I, working there from 1915 to 1920. Many of her observations were published in popular journals under her husband's name before she was named as a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.[8]
The investigations of the Maunders demonstrated a correlation between the variation in sunspot numbers and the climate of the Earth, leading to the discovery that the period of decreased solar activity during the Maunder Minimum. Annie was regarded as an expert in eclipse photography and was asked to take charge of photography of the Canadian Government's eclipse expedition to Labrador in August 1905. This was the only time her expenses were paid for a scientific expedition; the weather ended up being cloudy and no eclipse observations were taken.[citation needed]
Edited Article
[edit]In 1891, Russell began work at the Greenwich Royal Observatory, serving as one of the "lady computers" assigned to the solar department at a salary of four pounds per month.[2] This was a special department set up in 1873 to photograph the sun. In order to join the Royal Observatory, Annie's father submitted a request for Annie to obtain the job, and a powerful promoter, Sir Robert Ball, wrote her a letter of recommendation.[9] Her duties included using the Dallmeyer photo-heliograph to capture pictures of sunspots, determine their location, and properties.[2] There, Russell assisted Walter Maunder, and she spent a great deal of time photographing the sun. The solar maximum of 1894 resulted in a high number of sunspots, the movements of which Russell also tracked.[2]
Maunder and Russell were married in 1895, and Annie was required to resign from her job due to restrictions on married women working in public service.[2] However, the two continued to collaborate, and Annie accompanied Walter on solar eclipse expeditions.[2] Annie took part in five eclipse expeditions with the BAA, her first in 1896.[2] In 1897, Annie received a grant from Girton College to acquire a short-focus camera with a 1.5-inch lens which she took on expeditions. She used this camera to photograph the outer solar corona from India in 1898. With this camera she captured the longest ray, coronal streamer, seen at the time with her own equipment that she operated and designed herself.[2] Her camera was designed with a large field-of-view for photographing the Milky Way, which made it possible to look for faint and distant corona. [2] Her description of the direction and motion of the particles in the corona which she observed, describes the now accepted Parker Spiral structure of the solar wind. [2]
In 1901 Russell, along with other members of the British Astronomical Association, traveled to Algiers to observe the total eclipse of the sun on the 28th of May of that year. The members of the association that accompanied Russell were Mary Acworth Evershed, Lilian Martin-Leake and C. O. Stevens.[4][5] She photographed the corona and observed “plume” like rays, coining the term which is still used today. [2]
In 1904 Annie and Walter created the butterfly diagram to analyse sunspots, showing the latitude of the sunspots over time.[2] The butterfly diagram is “is one of the most powerful representations of the inner workings of the Sun”[2]. The paper originally had two desiccated butterflies but a third was added after the 11 to 12 year course.[2] Annie was not published as coauthor on her husbands paper over the butterfly diagram.[2]
Annie co-authored with her husband on some papers.[2] In 1907 she published a paper covering “an analysis of the formidable sunspot dataset that had been gathered at the ROG, covering 1889–1901”[2] as sole author.[2] This analysis contained data that took 13 years to collect, and 19 tables of results.[2] In this paper she found east-west asymmetries, a controversial finding, in sunspots which she could not explain.[2] Years later Arthur Schuster, a famous physicist confirmed her findings and suggested an explanation for the asymmetry.[2] Modern science and data has also confirmed her observations on the asymmetrical nature of the sunspots.[2] Annie published The Heavens and their Story in 1908, with her husband Walter as co-author. [2](She was credited by her husband as the primary author.)[2] The book was written for the amateur readers, containing her photographs of the sun and the Milky Way, in hopes to draw in more people to the field of astronomy.[2] The book discusses the sudden terrestrial magnetic storms coinciding with the sunspots rotation period which was seen in the 1898 eclipse in India.[2] The Maunders thought that the magnetic storms were made of positively and negatively charged electrified particles, an "insight (that) far predates better-known statements on the same matter, and has much in common with our present-day understanding"[2].
She was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) in November 1916,[6] [2] ten months after the bar on female Fellows was lifted. Earlier she had become a member of the British Astronomical Association, which Walter had helped found in 1890. Although he had been fellow of the RAS since 1875, Walter wanted an association of astronomers open to every person interested in astronomy, from every class of society, and especially open for women. Annie had first been nominated for election to the RAS 24 years earlier due strongly in part to Walter's recommendation.[7] Along with her were two additional nominees, Elizabeth Brown and Alice Everett. [7][2] None of the three women received the three-quarters vote at the April 1892 meeting that was required for election.[7] One Fellow specifically implied that the women would largely serve as a distraction and simply a social element to the meetings without contributing much of worth.[7] Annie did not take lightly to the prejudice against her and other women throughout her field occupied largely by men, and she especially did not agree with the results of the 1892 RAS election.[9]
Legacy
[edit]Original article copied from Annie Russell Maunder article
[edit]The crater Maunder on the Moon is jointly named for Walter and Annie Maunder, as is the Maunder Minimum.[10][2]
In June 2018 it was announced that the Royal Observatory Greenwich has installed a new telescope in its Altazimuth Pavilion, the Annie Maunder Astrographic Telescope (AMAT), as part of a revival of telescopy in London enabled by cleaner air and advanced technology. There is also to be an exhibition about Maunder's story, on the ground floor of the building.[11]
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[edit]References
Evershed, M. A. (1948). "Annie Scott Dill Maunder". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 108 (1): 48–49. Bibcode:1948MNRAS.108...48.. doi:10.1093/mnras/108.1.48. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
Evershed, M. A. (1947). "Obituary: Mrs. Walter Maunder". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 57 (6): 238. Bibcode:1947JBAA...57..238. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
Brück, Mary T. (1994). "Alice Everett and Annie Russell Maunder, torch bearing women astronomers". Irish Astronomical Journal. 21: 280–291. Bibcode:1994IrAJ...21..281B.
Brück, Mary T.; Grew, S. (1996). "The Family Background of Annie S. D. Maunder (née Russell)". Irish Astronomical Journal. 23: 55–56. Bibcode:1996IrAJ...23...55B.
Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2000). "Obligatory Amateurs: Annie Maunder (1868–1947) and British Women Astronomers at the Dawn of Professional Astronomy". British Journal for the History of Science. 33: 67–84. doi:10.1017/s0007087499003878.
Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2014). "Maunder, Annie Scott Dill Russell". In Hockey, Thomas; Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Publishing. pp. 1418–1420. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_912. ISBN 978-1-4419-9917-7.
"General Registrar's Office". IrishGenealogy.ie. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Fletcher, Lyndsay; Dalla, Silvia (2016-10-01). "A pioneer of solar astronomyWOMEN & THE RAS: ANNIE MAUNDER". Astronomy & Geophysics. 57 (5): 5.21–5.23. doi:10.1093/astrogeo/atw181. ISSN 1366-8781.
Brück, Mary T. (1998). "Mary Ackworth Evershed née Orr (1867-1949), solar physicist and Dante scholar". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 1 (1): 45–59.
Maunder, E. Walter (2 July 1900). "The Total Solar Eclipse of May 28, 1900". Knowledge. 23: 145–147 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
"1916 November 10 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society". The Observatory. 39: 479. 1916. Bibcode:1916Obs....39..479., see. p. 492.
Bailey, Mandy (2016). "Women and the RAS: 100 Years of Fellowship" (PDF). Astronomy & Geophysics. 57 (1): 19–21. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
Mulvihill, Mary (2009). Lab Coats and Lace: The Lives and Legacies of Inspiring Irish Women Scientists and Pioneers. p. 80. ISBN 9780953195312. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Kinder, A. J. (2008-02-01). "Edward Walter Maunder FRAS (1851-1928): his life and times". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 118: 21–42. ISSN 0007-0297.
Annan, James (6 July 2009). "James' Empty Blog: Who named the Maunder Minimum?". julesandjames.blogspot.com.
Amos, Jonathan (25 June 2018). "UK's forgotten woman astronomer honoured". BBC News. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ^ "General Registrar's Office". IrishGenealogy.ie. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Fletcher, Lyndsay; Dalla, Silvia (2016-10-01). "A pioneer of solar astronomyWOMEN & THE RAS: ANNIE MAUNDER". Astronomy & Geophysics. 57 (5): 5.21–5.23. doi:10.1093/astrogeo/atw181. ISSN 1366-8781.
- ^ Kinder, A. J. (2008-02-01). "Edward Walter Maunder FRAS (1851-1928): his life and times". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 118: 21–42. Bibcode:2008JBAA..118...21K. ISSN 0007-0297.
- ^ a b Brück, Mary T. (1998). "Mary Ackworth Evershed née Orr (1867-1949), solar physicist and Dante scholar". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 1 (1): 45–59.
- ^ a b Maunder, E. Walter (2 July 1900). "The Total Solar Eclipse of May 28, 1900". Knowledge. 23: 145–147 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b "1916 November 10 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society". The Observatory. 39: 479. 1916. Bibcode:1916Obs....39..479., see. p. 492.
- ^ a b c d e Bailey, Mandy (2016). "Women and the RAS: 100 Years of Fellowship" (PDF). Astronomy & Geophysics. 57 (1): 19–21. doi:10.1093/astrogeo/atw037. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ^ Mulvihill, Mary (2009). Lab Coats and Lace: The Lives and Legacies of Inspiring Irish Women Scientists and Pioneers. p. 80. ISBN 9780953195312. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Soon, Willie; Yaskell, Steven (2004). The Maunder Minimum and the Variable Sun-Earth Connection : The Variable Sun-Earth Connection. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. p. 148. ISBN 9789812382740.
- ^ Annan, James (6 July 2009). "James' Empty Blog: Who named the Maunder Minimum?". julesandjames.blogspot.com.
- ^ Amos, Jonathan (25 June 2018). "UK's forgotten woman astronomer honoured". BBC News. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
MarinaMueller (talk) 16:12, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
MarinaMueller (talk) 17:15, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
March 8
[edit]In 1891, Russell began work at the Greenwich Royal Observatory, serving as one of the "lady computers" assigned to the solar department at a salary of four pounds per month.[1] This was a special department set up in 1873 to photograph the sun. There, Russell assisted Walter Maunder, and she spent a great deal of time photographing the sun. The solar maximum of 1894 resulted in a high number of sunspots, the movements of which Russell also tracked.[1]
Maunder and Russell were married in 1895, and Annie was required to resign from her job due to restrictions on married women working in public service. However, the two continued to collaborate, and Annie accompanied Walter on solar eclipse expeditions. In 1897, Annie received a grant from Girton College to acquire a short-focus camera with a 1.5-inch lens which she took on expeditions. She used this camera to photograph the outer solar corona from India in 1898. [2] MarinaMueller (talk) 16:45, 8 March 2019 (UTC)
Annie Russel Maunder
[edit]We chose this article because it goes decently far in-depth into her life as an astronomer and her accomplishments, but it barely brushes on other aspects of her early life and personal life. It is a start class article, and there is a fair amount of information to be added, assuming it can be found. I would like to add more information about her personal life and her family. I would also like to add more citations in a few places and double check the references.
Here are some sources I've found:
These links will be properly cited once I decide whether or not to use specific references.
The talk page seems to focus on questions regarding her name and an issue with double pages that seems to have been resolved.
MarinaMueller (talk) 16:53, 1 March 2019 (UTC)
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2000). "Obligatory Amateurs: Annie Maunder (1868–1947) and British Women Astronomers at the Dawn of Professional Astronomy". British Journal for the History of Science. 33: 67–84. doi:10.1017/s0007087499003878. S2CID 144258880.