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Morbid love (French: l’amour morbide) was a term used in psychiatric texts of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It referred to what was becoming more commonly described as sexual perversion or pathology. It was a term inspired by decadent French fiction, especially the poetry of Charles Baudelaire, and Rachilde.[1][2]

Historical Relevance

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Art & Literature

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   Main article: Decadence movement

The idea of morbid love originated from early Romantic and ancient texts where love-disease imagery was conceptualised in poetry (as opposed to medical papers)[3]. However, significant proliferation of this idea, sparked in late nineteenth century France, where there were developments in the Decadence movement, pioneered by the aforementioned Charles Baudelaire, as well as other names such as Théophile Gautier, and Félicien Rops. The movement followed an anti-bourgeoisie and immoral aesthetic to art and literature[4], encapsulating it as a hedonistic, sensual indulgence[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] in onanism (masturbation), superficial sex and fantasy[12][13][14], whilst also disregarding the logical nature of the universe[15][14].

Félicien Rops' 1878 painting titled "Pornokratès"

French Decadence in literature often portrayed images of the supernatural, and referred to perverse, gruesome and fantastical descriptions of Satan, women and human horrors. Decadent poetry "requires a strong stomach,"[16] and attempts to undermine cultural values and the supposed progressive trajectory of society, putting pleasure ahead of them both. French philosopher Montesquieu proposed that the reason for the decline in the Roman Empire was due to décadence, or, simply put, the eroding of morality and social customs[17]. Often confused with Symbolism, Romanticism and Aestheticism, Decadence outside of France saw influence from gothic fiction from authors such as Edgar Allan Poe, Arthur Symons and later on, Oscar Wilde, presenting disconformity through artistic mediums.

During the 1890s, Decadence dominated the cultural sphere, where there were debates on whether or not such degenerate behaviour would lead to the fin de siècle[18][19], meaning "end of the century," in French. Hence, by this time, Decadence had led to a larger acceptance for different forms of morbid love, which included homosexuality and lesbianism[2]. These were extremely contentious ideas at the time which resulted in the mob violence commonly experienced by members of the gay community[20].

Social psychopathology

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Main article: Psychopathology

Morbid love, in psychiatric terms, refers to any love-related disease, most commonly lovesickness[21], but it can also refer to other mental disorders, often associated with degrading or toxic social interactions with romantic or sexual partners, such as erotomania, nymphomania, stalking, love addiction, disappointment from love, hypersexuality and obsessive sexual thinking[21]. Extreme levels of sexual perversion, psychopathy and lust induce symptoms of pathological jealousy and love, which damage the quality of interpersonal encounters and neglect the needs of oneself in order to cater to those of others[22]. Pathological jealousy, which refers to a continual perceived likelihood of losing one's romantic partner to a rival[23], has its origins in attachment theory: if child-rearing conditions were less than ideal, or if the connection between the new-born and primary care-giver is absent or insubstantial, this can reduce the security of forthcoming relationships and thus is likely to carry over onto adulthood[23]. Having a secure and loving attachment during childhood has been linked with a low chance of someone experiencing pathological jealousy[24][25].

Despite the fact that morbid love entrenches obsessive tendencies associated with sex, death and violence within relationships, its use in the psychiatric and psychological field has diminished and it has slowly become more redundant towards the end of the twentieth century, particularly when lovesickness as a diagnosable disorder declined in its relevance in the clinical space[21]. Before which, treatment for lovesickness often included cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), recommended by Frank Tallis[3], as well as anti-depressants, twelve-step behavioural treatment and psychotherapy, of which Fisher was a large proponent[26]. When morbid love was more conceptualised as a love addiction in the early nineties, treatment usually consisted of changing thoughts and behaviours with what is known as rational self-counselling, similar to rational emotional therapy[21][27][28].

Tallis, a leading clinical psychologist in the field of romance, drew connections between love and addiction: ‘addicts feel incomplete, they obsess, crave, and feel out of control; they experience severe mood disturbance…they become dependent and, when denied, suffer from a withdrawal syndrome; addicts accept that their behaviour is irrational, but feel compelled to continue.[3]’ However, clinical studies and medical papers have struggled to come up with a cogent relationship between love addiction and morbid love, primarily because both concepts were developed outside of academia[21].

References

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  1. ^ Moore, Alison (November 22, 2017). "L'Amour morbide: how a transient mental illness became defunct". Intellectual History Review. 29 (2): 291–312. doi:10.1080/17496977.2017.1374078. S2CID 171919669.
  2. ^ a b Moore, Alison (December 6, 2017). "Morbid Love in Late Nineteenth-Century France: Between Decadence and Degeneration". Birkbeck Institute for Social Research. Birkbeck, University of London. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Tallis, Frank (2005). Love sick. London: Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-944529-6.
  4. ^ "On dandyism". Engelsberg ideas (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-03-06.
  5. ^ Stephan, Philip (1974). Paul Verlaine and the decadence, 1882-90. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Pr. [u.a.] ISBN 978-0-7190-0562-6.
  6. ^ WILDE, OSCAR (2012-08-13). The Uncensored Picture of Dorian Gray. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06804-9.
  7. ^ "Always Leave Them Wanting more: Oscar Wilde's Salome and the Failed Circulations of Desire", Economies of Desire at the Victorian Fin de Siècle, Routledge, pp. 33–46, 2015-10-14, retrieved 2024-03-06
  8. ^ Ford, Jane; Keates, Kim Edwards; Pulham, Patricia, eds. (2015-10-14). Economies of Desire at the Victorian Fin de Siècle. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-73937-3.
  9. ^ Van De Casteele, Arnaud (2009-09-16). "A Review of "Hideous Absinthe: A History of the Devil in the Bottle": by Jad Adams. University of Wisconsin Press, 2004, 304 pp". Food and Foodways. 17 (3): 184–187. doi:10.1080/07409710903149843. ISSN 0740-9710.
  10. ^ Sojka, Petr, ed. (2002). Text, speech and dialogue: 5th international conference ; proceedings. Lecture notes in computer science Lecture notes in artificial intelligence. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-44129-8.
  11. ^ "Vol. 51, No. 125, Oct., 1973 of The Slavonic and East European Review on JSTOR". www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
  12. ^ Baudelaire, Charles (1995-04-01). "Citation de Bohémiens en voyage , Charles Baudelaire, Les Fleurs du mal". Chimères. N° 25 (2): 3–3. doi:10.3917/chime.025.0003. ISSN 0986-6035. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  13. ^ Weir, David (1996). Decadence and the making of modernism. Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-992-2.
  14. ^ a b H., R. T.; Huysmans, Karl Joris (1927). "Against the Grain". Books Abroad. 1 (2): 24. doi:10.2307/40043420. ISSN 0006-7431.
  15. ^ McGUINNESS, P. (1997-10-01). "Review. Symbolist Landscapes: The Place of Painting in the Poetry and Criticism of Mallarme and his Circle. Kearns, James". French Studies. 51 (4): 494–494. doi:10.1093/fs/51.4.494. ISSN 0016-1128.
  16. ^ Olmsted, William (2016). The censorship effect: Baudelaire, Flaubert, and the formation of French modernism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-023863-6.
  17. ^ Myers, Richard (2017-07-05), "Christianity and Politics in Montesquieu's Greatness and Decline of the Romans", Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Routledge, pp. 91–106, retrieved 2024-03-06
  18. ^ "Decadence". obo. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
  19. ^ Everdell, William R. (1997). The First Moderns. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-22481-7.
  20. ^ Adut, Ari (2005). "A Theory of Scandal: Victorians, Homosexuality, and the Fall of Oscar Wilde". American Journal of Sociology. 111 (1): 213–248. doi:10.1086/428816. ISSN 0002-9602.
  21. ^ a b c d e Berks, John (2009). Crazy in love : concepts of morbid love in western medicine from 1951 to the present : a masters thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in History at Massey University (Thesis). Massey University.
  22. ^ Stravogiannis, Andrea Lorena da C.; Kim, Hyoun S.; Sophia, Eglacy C.; Sanches, Cíntia; Zilberman, Monica L.; Tavares, Hermano (2018-01-01). "Pathological jealousy and pathological love: Apples to apples or apples to oranges?". Psychiatry Research. 259: 562–570. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.029. ISSN 0165-1781.
  23. ^ a b Marazziti, Donatella; Consoli, Giorgio; Albanese, Francesco; Laquidara, Emanuela; Baroni, Stefano; Catena Dell’Osso, Mario (2010-07-08). "Romantic Attachment and Subtypes/Dimensions of Jealousy". Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health : CP & EMH. 6: 53–58. doi:10.2174/1745017901006010053. ISSN 1745-0179. PMC 2936010. PMID 20835357.
  24. ^ Kellett, Stephen; Stockton, Daniel (2023-01-02). "Treatment of obsessive morbid jealousy with cognitive analytic therapy: a mixed-methods quasi-experimental case study". British Journal of Guidance & Counselling. 51 (1): 96–114. doi:10.1080/03069885.2021.1929834. ISSN 0306-9885.
  25. ^ Seeman, Mary V. (2016). "Pathological Jealousy: An Interactive Condition". Psychiatry. 79 (4): 379–388. doi:10.1080/00332747.2016.1175838. ISSN 1943-281X. PMID 27997328.
  26. ^ Fisher, Helen (2006). "Helen Fisher tells us why we love cheat". PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e623782010-001. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  27. ^ Timmreck, Thomas C. (1990). "OVERCOMING THE LOSS OF A LOVE: PREVENTING LOVE ADDICTION AND PROMOTING POSITIVE EMOTIONAL HEALTH". Psychological Reports. 66 (2): 515. doi:10.2466/PR0.66.2.515-528. ISSN 0033-2941.
  28. ^ Griffin-Shelley, Eric (2017), "The importance of group psychotherapy for sex and love addiction recovery", Routledge International Handbook of Sexual Addiction, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781315639512-16, ISBN 978-1-315-63951-2, retrieved 2024-03-07
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