User:Lramkelawan97/sandbox

Topic

I plan to revise the existing article “Child labour in Cambodia”. This article is in need of revision because it is poorly organized and needs more information regarding the reasons or causes and the social effects of child labor specifically in Cambodia. The information already present in the article is useful and properly cited, but it needs to be presented in a more readable fashion. It is also necessary to present more variable viewpoints. I plan to add more information about the industries that the children work in, the impacts on their education and health, and the current initiatives to lessen child labour in Cambodia.

Annotated Bibliography

1. Kane, June. "What the Economic Crisis Means for Child Labour." Global Social Policy: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Public Policy and Social Development 9, no. 1_suppl (2009): 175-96. Accessed February 5, 2018. doi:10.1177/1468018109106890.

• This article presents statistics regarding child labour across the world.

2. Hagemann, Frank, Yacouba Diallo, Alex Etienne, and Farhad Mehran. Global child labour trends 2000 to 2004. Geneva: ILO, 2006.

• This article presents statistics regarding child labour across the world.

3. "ILO." What is child labour (IPEC). Accessed February 06, 2018. http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm.

• The International Labour Organization's definition of child labour.

4. Anker, Richard. "The economics of child labour: A framework for measurement." International Labour Review 139, no. 3 (2000): 257-80. Accessed February 2, 2018. doi:10.1111/j.1564-913x.2000.tb00204.x.

• This article discusses the ILO's definition of child labour.

5. "C182 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)." Convention C182 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182). Accessed February 04, 2018. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB%3A12100%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP12100_ILO_CODE%3AC182.

• Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, ratified by Cambodia in 2006.

6. "C138 - Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)." Convention C138 - Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138). Accessed February 04, 2018. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000%3A12100%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A12100%3AP12100_INSTRUMENT_ID%3A312283.

• Minimum Age Convention, ratified by Cambodia is 1999.

7. Wells, Don. "“BEST PRACTICE” IN THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR STANDARDS: LESSONS OF THE U.S.-CAMBODIA TEXTILE AGREEMENT." COMP. LABOR LAW & POL’Y JOURNAL 27, no. 357 (October 19, 2006): 357-76. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Don_Wells/publication/228176587_'Best_Practice'_in_the_Regulation_of_International_Labor_Standards_Lessons_of_the_US-Cambodia_Textile_Agreement/links/54133f8d0cf2fa878ad3d766/Best-Practice-in-the-Regulation-of-International-Labor-Standards-Lessons-of-the-US-Cambodia-Textile-Agreement.pdf.

• This article discusses the U.S.- Cambodia Textile Agreement.

8. Ray, Ranjan. "Child Labour: a survey of selected Asian countries." Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 18, no. 2 (2004): 1-18. Accessed February 4, 2018. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8411.2004.00148.x.

• This article discusses the involvement of Cambodian children in the agricultural and manufacturing industries.

9. Willis, Brian M., and Barry S. Levy. "Child prostitution: global health burden, research needs, and interventions." The Lancet 359, no. 9315 (2002): 1417-422. Accessed February 5, 2018. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08355-1.

• This article presents statistics regarding child prostitution in Cambodia.

10. Kim, Chae-Young. "Child labour, education policy and governance in Cambodia." International Journal of Educational Development 31, no. 5 (2011): 496-504. Accessed February 5, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.03.002.

• This article discusses the effects of child labour on education in Cambodia.

11. Roggero, Paola, Viviana Mangiaterra, Flavia Bustreo, and Furio Rosati. "The Health Impact of Child Labor in Developing Countries: Evidence From Cross-Country Data." American Journal of Public Health 97, no. 2 (2007): 271-75. Accessed February 5, 2018. doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.066829.

• This article discusses the general effects of child labour on health.

12. Kolben, Kevin. "Trade, Monitoring, and the ILO: Working To Improve Conditions in Cambodia 's Garment Factories." Yale Human Rights and Development Journal 7, no. 1 (2004): 79-107. Accessed February 6, 2018. http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=yhrdlj.

• This article discusses the International Labour Organization (ILO) monitoring program.

Topic

I plan to revise the article called “Child Labor in Nepal”. This is a topic of great importance because there are millions of children in Nepal who should be in school, but are instead working in the fields. Every child has a right to an education and should not have the workload and responsibilities of an adult. It is also very important to note that this is not a past event, it is still occurring today. Revising this Wikipedia article is necessary because it is important that the general public have access to unbiased information regarding this issue. This article is in need of revision due to its lack of cited information and lack of information regarding the reasons or causes and the social effects of child labor specifically in Nepal. 

I will be adding information about the causes of child labor in Nepal, the industries that children work in, and solutions to the problem.

Annotated Bibliography

1.  Edmonds, Eric V. “Understanding sibling differences in child labor” Journal of Population Economics 19, no. 4 (2006): 795-821. Accessed September 18, 2017. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20008045.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A555f8803d6d315ac5822d76859730da6

• This article focuses on the difference in number of girls involved in child labor compared to boys. They found that there is a higher percentage of girls working than boys, especially when the girl has multiple siblings.

2.  Abdulai, Awudu and Regmi, Puny P. “Estimating labor supply of farm households under nonseparability: empirical evidence from Nepal” Agricultural Economics 22 (2000) 309-320. Accessed September 30, 2017. http://ageconsearch.tind.io/record/175464/files/agec2000v022i003a007.pdf

• This article discusses the effects of child labor on the success of farming households.

3.    Baker, Rachel and Hinton, Rachel. “Approaches to Children’s Work and Rights in Nepal” The Annals of the American Academy 575 (2001): 176-193. Accessed September 18, 2017. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/000271620157500111

• This article describes the domestic work that Nepali children do and possible solutions to the child labor problem in Nepal.

4.  Graner, Elvira “Labor Markets and Migration in Nepal” Mountain Research and Development 21, no.3 (2001): 253-259. Accessed October 1, 2017. http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741%282001%29021%5B0253%3ALMAMIN%5D2.0.CO%3B2

• This article discusses the role of the carpet industry in Nepal's economy and the involvement of children in weaving these carpets.

5.  Kohrt, Brandon A., Jordans, Mark J.D., Tol Wietse A., Speckman, Rebecca A., Maharjan, Sujen M., Worthman, Carol M., Komproe, Ivan H. “Comparison of Mental Health Between Former Child Soldiers and Children Never Conscripted by Armed Groups in Nepal” JAMA 300, no. 6 (2008):691–702. Accessed September 18, 2017. http://jamanetwork.com.ezproxy.rice.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/182377

• This article compares the mental health status of former child soldiers and children who were not child soldiers.

6.   Kohrt, Brandon. A., Jordans, Mark J. D., Tol, Wietse A., Perera, Em, Karki, Rohit, Koirala, Suraj, and Upadhaya, Nawaraj. ”Social Ecology of Child Soldiers: Child, Family, and Community Determinants of Mental Health, Psychosocial Wellbeing, and Reintegration in Nepal” Transcultural Psychiatry 47, no. 5 (2010): 1-23. Accessed September 18, 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3833694/pdf/nihms-524143.pdf

• This article examined the factors that led to better and worse levels of wellbeing of child soldiers.

7.  Thapa, Shyam, Chhetry, Devendra, and Aryal, Ram H. “Poverty, Literacy and Child Labour in Nepal: A District-level Analysis” Asia-Pacific population journal 11, no. 3 (1996): 3-14. Accessed October 1, 2017. http://www.unescapsdd.org/files/documents/PUB_APPJ-Vol-11-No-3.pdf

• This article explains why families may force their children to work and the effects on their literacy.

8.  Ersado, Lire, “Child Labor and Schooling Decisions in Urban and Rural Areas: Comparative Evidence from Nepal, Peru, and Zimbabwe” World Development 33, no. 3 (2005): 455–480. Accessed September 18, 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lire_Ersado/publication/222532316_Child_Labor_and_Schooling_Decisions_in_Urban_and_Rural_Areas_Comparative_Evidence_from_Nepal_Peru_and_Zimbabwe/links/00b495191b000d6497000000.pdf

• This article explains how poverty and inaccessible credit can lead families to engage in child labor.

9.   Koolwal, Gayatri B. “Son Preference and Child Labor in Nepal: The Household Impact of Sending Girls to Work” World Development 35, no. 5, (2007): 881–903. Accessed October 1, 2017. https://ac-els-cdn-com.ezproxy.rice.edu/S0305750X07000162/1-s2.0-S0305750X07000162-main.pdf?_tid=a50b4aa6-a70f-11e7-ad10-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1506907309_3e2f3a5ae8304b8ab2368038a0cf8c10

• This article contrasts Nepal with the rest of Asia due to their decreasing notion of "son preference". This may be due to the common use of child labor, where the job opportunities of young girls are increasing.

10. Pathak, Bishu. “Politics of People’s War and Human Rights in Nepal” BIMIPA Publications, Kathmandu. 2005. Accessed September 18, 2017. http://dl4a.org/uploads/pdf/110623070128_War%20and%20Human%20Rights.pdf

• This article discusses the potential problems associated with eliminating child labor, such as increased percentage of children living on the street.

• From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.