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Online communities, that are wont to officially celebrate national events that are only relevant to people of a single country and either are none of a foreigner's business or are issues with which foreigners find no reason to celebrate, should close their doors to foreign members and declare themselves a national community.

International online communities should be politically neutral and open to members with different political opinions. Their administrators should be wary of using "inclusive we" in their official discourse, lest they alienate some of the members of the community.

I'm NOT talking about any of the Wikimedia projects. Here, NPOV, i18n and m10n are the norm.

TEST

Bühler's aspirate derivations

Comparison of North Semitic and Brahmi scripts^[1]^{[note 1]}
Phoenician	Aramaic	Value	Brahmi
Phoenician	Aramaic	Value	plain		aspirated
		k [k]		ka
		q [q]				kha
		g [ɡ]		ga
		ḥ [ħ]				gha
				ṅa
		h [h], M.L.		ha
		ṣ [sˤ]		ca		cha
		z [z]		ja		jha
		y [j], M.L.		ya
		š [ʃ]		śa
				ṭa		ṭha
				ḍa		ḍha
				ṇa
		r [r]		ra
		s [s]		ṣa
		t [t]		ta
		ṭ [tˤ]				tha
		d [d]		da		dha
		n [n]		na
		l [l]		la
				sa
			𑀴	ḷa
		p [p]		pa		pha
		b [b]		ba		bha
		m [m]		ma
		w [w], M.L.		va
		*		a
		ʿ [ʕ], M.L.		e

Armenian vs Ge'ez

Or how stupid a Quora troll can be.

Translit.	h	l	ḥ	m	ś (SA s²)	r	s (SA s¹)	ḳ	b	t	ḫ	n
Phoenician	𐤄	𐤋	𐤇	𐤌	𐤔	𐤓		𐤒	𐤁	𐤕		𐤍
Geʻez	ሀ	ለ	ሐ	መ	ሠ	ረ	ሰ	ቀ	በ	ተ	ኀ	ነ
South Arabian	𐩠	𐩡	𐩢	𐩣	𐩦	𐩧	𐩪	𐩤	𐩨	𐩩	𐩭	𐩬
Latin	E	L	H	M	S	R		Q	B	T		N
Armenian	հ	լ		մ

Translit.	ʾ	k	w	ʿ	z (SA ḏ)	y	d	g	ṭ	ṣ	ḍ	f
Phoenician	𐤀	𐤊	𐤅	𐤏		𐤉	𐤃	𐤂	𐤈	𐤑		𐤐
Geʻez	አ	ከ	ወ	ዐ	ዘ	የ	ደ	ገ	ጠ	ጸ	ፀ	ፈ
Latin	A	K	V,Y	O		I	D	C,G				P
Armenian

Hangul for Lojban

Lojban consonant phonemes
		Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		/m/ ㅁ	/n/ ㄴ
Plosive	voiceless	/p/ ㅍ	/t/ ㅌ		/k/ ㅋ	/ʔ/ ㆆ
Plosive	voiced	/b/ ㅂ	/d/ ㄷ		/ɡ/ ㄱ	/ʔ/ ㆆ
Fricative	voiceless	/f/ ([ɸ]) ㆄ	/s/ ᄼ	/ʃ/ ([ʂ]) ᄾ	/x/ ㆅ	/h/ ([θ]) ㅎ
Fricative	voiced	/v/ ([β]) ㅸ	/z/ ᅎ	/ʒ/ ([ʐ]) ᅐ		/h/ ([θ]) ㅎ
Approximant			/l/ ㄹ
Rhotic			/r/ ᄛ

Lojban vowel phonemes
	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/ ㅣ		/u/ ㅜ
Mid	/ɛ/ ([e]) ㅓ	/ə/ ㅡ	/o/ ([ɔ]) ㅗ
Open	/a/ ([ɑ]) ㅏ

Lojban diphthongs
Hangul	IPA	Description
ㅐ	[aj]	an open vowel with palatal off-glide
ㅔ	[ɛj]	a front mid vowel with palatal off-glide
ㅚ	[oj]	a back mid vowel with palatal off-glide
ㅏㅜ	[aw]	an open vowel with labial off-glide
ㅑ	[ja]	an open vowel with palatal on-glide
ㅕ	[jɛ]	a front mid vowel with palatal on-glide
ㅣㅣ	[ji]	a front close vowel with palatal on-glide
ㅛ	[jo]	a back mid vowel with palatal on-glide
ㅠ	[ju]	a back close vowel with palatal on-glide
ㅘ	[wa]	an open vowel with labial on-glide
ㅝ	[wɛ]	a front mid vowel with labial on-glide
ㅟ	[wi]	a front close vowel with labial on-glide
ㅜㅗ	[wo]	a back mid vowel with labial on-glide
ㅜㅜ	[wu]	a back close vowel with labial on-glide
ㅣㅡ	[jə]	a central mid vowel with palatal on-glide
ㅜㅡ	[wə]	a central mid vowel with labial on-glide

English consonants

Consonant examples

The following table shows typical examples of the occurrence of the above consonant phonemes in words, using minimal pairs where possible.

Fortis		Lenis		Other consonants
/p/	pit	/b/	bit	/m/	Tim
/t/	tin	/d/	din	/n/	tin
/k/	cut	/ɡ/	gut	/ŋ/	ting
/tʃ/	cheap	/dʒ/	jeep	/j/	your
/f/	fat	/v/	vat	/w/	wore
/θ/	thigh	/ð/	thy	/r/	rump
/s/	sap	/z/	zap	/l/	lump
/ʃ/	Aleutian	/ʒ/	allusion	/x/	loch
				/h/	ham

Old Italic

Phoenician [←]
Value	ʾ	b	g	d	h	w	z	ḥ	ṭ	y	k	l	m	n	s	ʿ	p	ṣ	q	r	š	t
Western Greek [→]
Value	a	b	g	d	e	w	zd	h	tʰ	i	k	l	m	n		o	p	s	k	r	s	t	u	ks	pʰ	kʰ
Transcription	Α	Β	Γ	Δ	Ε	Ϝ	Ζ	Η	Θ	Ι	Κ	Λ	Μ	Ν	Ξ	Ο	Π	Ϻ	Ϙ	Ρ	Σ	Τ	Υ	X	Φ	Ψ
Marsiliana [←]
Archaic (to 5th c.) [←]
Neo (4th to 1st c.)[←]
Value	a		k		e	v	ts	h	t^h	i	k	l	m	n			p	ʃ	k	r	s	t	u	s	p^h	k^h	f
Transcription	a		c		e	v	z	h	θ	i	k	l	m	n			p	ś	q	r	s	t	u	ṡ	φ	χ	f
Oscan [←]
Value	a	b	g	d	ɛ	v	ts	x?		i	k	l	m	n			p			r	s	t	o:				f	o	e
Transcription	A	B	G	D	E	V	Z	H		I	K	L	M	N			P			R	S	T	U				F	Ú	Í
Lepontic [?][→]	𐌀				𐌄	𐌅	𐌆		𐌈	𐌉	𐌊	𐌋	𐌌	𐌍		𐌏	𐌐	𐌑		𐌓	𐌔	𐌕	𐌖	𐌗
Transcription	A				E	V	Z		Θ	I	K	L	M	N		O	P	Ś		R	S	T	U	X
South Picene [?][→]	𐌀	𐌁	𐌂	𐌃	𐌄	𐌅		𐌇		𐌉	𐌊	𐌋	𐌌	𐌍		𐌏	𐌐		𐌒	𐌓	𐌔	𐌕	𐌖				𐌚	𐌞	𐌝	𐌟
Transcription	A	B	G	D	E	V		H		I	K	L	M	N		O	P		Q	R	S	T	U				F	Ú	Í	*

Proposed orthography for Pashto

Vowels

Front

Central

Back

Close

I i	/i/
И и

U U	/u/
У у

Mid

E e	/e/
Э э

Ë ë	/ə/
Ъ ъ

O o	/o/
О о

Open

Ä ä	/a/
Ә ә

A a	/ɑ/
А а

Consonants

Labial

Denti-
alveolar

Post-
alveolar

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

Glottal

Nasal

M m	/m/
М м

N n	/n/
Н н

Ň ň	/ɳ/
Њ њ

Ŋ ŋ	/ŋ/
Ң ң

Plosive

voiceless

P p	/p/
П п

T t	/t̪/
Т т

Ť ť	/ʈ/
Ќ ќ

K k	/k/
К к

Q Q	/q/
Қ қ

voiced

B b	/b/
Б б

D d	/d̪/
Д д

Ď ď	/ɖ/
Ѓ ѓ

G g	/ɡ/
Г г

Affricate

voiceless

C c	/t͡s/
Ц ц

Č č	/t͡ʃ/
Ч ч

voiced

Ʒ ʒ	/d͡z/
Ѕ ѕ

Ǯ ǯ	/d͡ʒ/
Џ џ

Fricative

voiceless

F f	/f/
Ф ф

S s	/s/
С с

Š š	/ʃ/
Ш ш

Ś ś	/ʂ~ç/
С́ с́

Ḱ ḱ or X x	/x/
Х х

H h	/h/
Һ һ

voiced

Z z	/z/
З з

Ž ž	/ʒ/
Ж ж

Ź ź	/ʐ~ʝ/
З́ з́

Ǵ ǵ or J j	/ɣ/
Ғ ғ

Approximant

L l	/l/
Л л

Y y	/j/
Й й

W w	/w/
Ў ў

Trill/Flap

R r	/r/
Р р

Ř ř	/ɽ/
Р́ р́

Pinyin

Nucleus		∅		/ə/										/a/
Coda		∅		∅		/i/		/u/		/n/		/ŋ/		∅		/i/		/u/		/n/		/ŋ/
Medial	∅	zhi ㄓ [ʈʂɻ̩]	jy jyr jyy jyh	zhe ㄓㄜ [ʈʂɤ]	je jer jee jeh	zhei ㄓㄟ [ʈʂei̯]	jei jeir jeei jey	zhou ㄓㄡ [ʈʂou̯]	jou jour joou jow	zhen ㄓㄣ [ʈʂən]	jen jern jeen jenn	zheng ㄓㄥ [ʈʂəŋ]	jeng jerng jeeng jenq	zha ㄓㄚ [ʈʂa]	ja jar jaa jah	zhai ㄓㄞ [ʈʂai̯]	jai jair jae jay	zhao ㄓㄠ [ʈʂau̯]	jau jaur jao jaw	zhan ㄓㄢ [ʈʂan]	jan jarn jaan jann	zhang ㄓㄤ [ʈʂaŋ]	jang jarng jaang janq
	j	ji ㄐㄧ [tɕi]	ji jyi jii jih	jie ㄐㄧㄝ [tɕje]	jie jye jiee jieh			jiu ㄐㄧㄡ [tɕjou̯]	jiou jyou jeou jiow	jin ㄐㄧㄣ [tɕin]	jin jyn jiin jinn	jing ㄐㄧㄥ [tɕiŋ]	jing jyng jiing jinq	jia ㄐㄧㄚ [tɕja]	jia jya jea jiah			jiao ㄐㄧㄠ [tɕjau̯]	jiau jyau jeau jiaw	jian ㄐㄧㄢ [tɕjɛn]	jian jyan jean jiann	jiang ㄐㄧㄤ [tɕjaŋ]	jiang jyang jeang jianq
	w	zhu ㄓㄨ [ʈʂu]	ju jwu juu juh	zhuo ㄓㄨㄛ [ʈʂwo]	juo jwo juoo juoh	zhui ㄓㄨㄟ [ʈʂwei̯]	juei jwei joei juey			zhun ㄓㄨㄣ [ʈʂwən]	juen jwen joen juenn	zhong ㄓㄨㄥ [ʈʂʊŋ]	jong jorng joong jonq	zhua ㄓㄨㄚ [ʈʂwa]	jua jwa joa juah	zhuai ㄓㄨㄞ [ʈʂwai̯]	juai jwai joai juay			zhuan ㄓㄨㄢ [ʈʂwan]	juan jwan joan juann	zhuang ㄓㄨㄤ [ʈʂwaŋ]	juang jwang joang juanq
	ɥ	ju ㄐㄩ [tɕy]	jiu jyu jeu jiuh	jue ㄐㄩㄝ [tɕɥe]	jiue jyue jeue jiueh					jun ㄐㄩㄣ [tɕyn]	jiun jyun jeun jiunn	jiong ㄐㄩㄥ [tɕjʊŋ]	jiong jyong jeong jionq							juan ㄐㄩㄢ [tɕɥɛn]	jiuan jyuan jeuan jiuann

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Velar
Plosive	unaspirated	b ㄅ [p]	d ㄉ [t]			g ㄍ [k]
Plosive	aspirated	p ㄆ [pʰ]	t ㄊ [tʰ]			k ㄎ [kʰ]
Nasal		m ㄇ [m]	n ㄋ [n]
Affricate	unaspirated		z ㄗ [ts]	zh ㄓ [ʈʂ]	j ㄐ [tɕ]
Affricate	aspirated		c ㄘ [tsʰ]	ch ㄔ [ʈʂʰ]	q ㄑ [tɕʰ]
Fricative		f ㄈ [f]	s ㄙ [s]	sh ㄕ [ʂ]	x ㄒ [ɕ]	h ㄏ [x]
Liquid			l ㄌ [l]	r ㄖ [ɻ]~[ʐ]

Nucleus		∅	/ə/					/a/
Coda		∅	∅	/i/	/u/	/n/	/ŋ/	∅	/i/	/u/	/n/	/ŋ/
Medial	∅	shi ㄕ [ʂɻ̩]	she ㄕㄜ [ʂɤ]	shei ㄕㄟ [ʂei̯]	shou ㄕㄡ [ʂou̯]	shen ㄕㄣ [ʂən]	sheng ㄕㄥ [ʂəŋ]	sha ㄕㄚ [ʂa]	shai ㄕㄞ [ʂai̯]	shao ㄕㄠ [ʂau̯]	shan ㄕㄢ [ʂan]	shang ㄕㄤ [ʂaŋ]
	j	xi ㄒㄧ [ɕi]	xie ㄒㄧㄝ [ɕje]		xiu ㄒㄧㄡ [ɕjou̯]	xin ㄒㄧㄣ [ɕin]	xing ㄒㄧㄥ [ɕiŋ]	xia ㄒㄧㄚ [ɕja]		xiao ㄒㄧㄠ [ɕjau̯]	xian ㄒㄧㄢ [ɕjɛn]	xiang ㄒㄧㄤ [ɕjaŋ]
	w	shu ㄕㄨ [ʂu]	shuo ㄕㄨㄛ [ʂwo]	shui ㄕㄨㄟ [ʂwei̯]		shun ㄕㄨㄣ [ʂwən]	shong ㄕㄨㄥ [ʂʊŋ]	shua ㄕㄨㄚ [ʂwa]	shuai ㄕㄨㄞ [ʂwai̯]		shuan ㄕㄨㄢ [ʂwan]	shuang ㄕㄨㄤ [ʂwaŋ]
	ɥ	xu ㄒㄩ [ɕy]	xue ㄒㄩㄝ [ɕɥe]			xun ㄒㄩㄣ [ɕyn]	xiong ㄒㄩㄥ [ɕjʊŋ]				xuan ㄒㄩㄢ [ɕɥɛn]

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Velar
Plosive	unaspirated	b [p]	d [t]			g [k]
Plosive	aspirated	p [pʰ]	t [tʰ]			k [kʰ]
Nasal		m [m]	n [n]
Affricate	unaspirated		z [ts]	zh [ʈʂ]	j [tɕ]
Affricate	aspirated		c [tsʰ]	ch [ʈʂʰ]	q [tɕʰ]
Fricative		f [f]	s [s]	sh [ʂ]	x [ɕ]	h [x]
Liquid			l [l]	r [ɻ]~[ʐ]

Nucleus		∅	/ə/					/a/
Coda		∅	∅	/i/	/u/	/n/	/ŋ/	∅	/i/	/u/	/n/	/ŋ/
Medial	∅	shi [ʂɻ̩]	she [ʂɤ]	shei [ʂei̯]	shou [ʂou̯]	shen [ʂən]	sheng [ʂəŋ]	sha [ʂa]	shai [ʂai̯]	shao [ʂau̯]	shan [ʂan]	shang [ʂaŋ]
	j	xi [ɕi]	xie [ɕje]		xiu [ɕjou̯]	xin [ɕin]	xing [ɕiŋ]	xia [ɕja]		xiao [ɕjau̯]	xian [ɕjɛn]	xiang [ɕjaŋ]
	w	shu [ʂu]	shuo [ʂwo]	shui [ʂwei̯]		shun [ʂwən]	shong [ʂʊŋ]	shua [ʂwa]	shuai [ʂwai̯]		shuan [ʂwan]	shuang [ʂwaŋ]
	ɥ	xu [ɕy]	xue [ɕɥe]			xun [ɕyn]	xiong [ɕjʊŋ]				xuan [ɕɥɛn]

TEST

ꡜꡓ ꡝꡘ ꡗꡟ ꡏꡗ ꡊꡞ ꡝꡘ

Malay

Malay/Indonesian consonant phonemes
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		/m/ ⟨m⟩	/n/ ⟨n⟩	/ɲ/ ⟨ny⟩	/ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	/p/ ⟨p⟩	/t̪/ ⟨t⟩	/t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩	/k/ ⟨k⟩	(/ʔ/ ⟨'⟩)
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	/b/ ⟨b⟩	/d/ ⟨d⟩	/d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩	/ɡ/ ⟨g⟩
Fricative	voiceless	(/f/ ⟨f⟩)	/s/ ⟨s⟩	(/ʃ/ ⟨sy⟩)	(/x/ ⟨kh⟩)	/h/ ⟨h⟩
Fricative	voiced	(/v/ ⟨v⟩)	(/z/ ⟨z⟩)
Approximant		/w/ ⟨w⟩	/l/ ⟨l⟩	/j/ ⟨y⟩
Trill			/r/ ⟨r⟩

Malay/Indonesian vowel phonemes
	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/ ⟨i⟩		/u/ ⟨u⟩
Mid	/e/ ⟨e⟩	/ə/ ⟨e⟩	/o/ ⟨o⟩
Open		/a/ ⟨a⟩

Orkhon for Modern Turkish

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		𐰢 m /m/	𐰣 / 𐰤 n /n/
Stop	voiceless	𐰯 p /p/	𐱃 / 𐱅 t /t/	𐰲 ç /t͡ʃ/	𐰚 k [c]	𐰴 k /k/
Stop	voiced	𐰉 / 𐰋 b /b/	𐰑 / 𐰓 d /d/	𐲤 c /d͡ʒ/	𐰏 g [ɟ]	𐰍 g /ɡ/
Fricative	voiceless	𐳽 f /f/	𐰽 / 𐰾 s /s/	𐱁 ş /ʃ/			𐲏 h /h/
Fricative	voiced	𐲮 v /v/	𐰔 z /z/	𐲰 j /ʒ/
Approximant		𐲮 v /v/	𐰞 l [ɫ]	𐰠 l /l/	𐰖 / 𐰘 y /j/	𐲍 ğ (/ɰ/)
Tap			𐰺 / 𐰼 r /ɾ/

Red: with back vowels / blue: with front vowels / Additional runes

Vowels

Rune	Back vowel	Front vowel
𐰃	ı /ɯ/	i /i/
𐰅		e /e/
𐰀	a /a/
𐰆	o /o/	ö /ø/
𐰇	u /u/	ü /y/

How to use Baybayin to write Spanish and English words

Flags

Flag of the British East India Company (1707-1801)
Flag of the United States (1775-1777)
Flag of the United States (1777-1795) (one of several interpretations)
Flag of the British East India Company (1801-1858)
Flag of Hawaii (1816-1845)
Flag of Chile (1818-1912)
Flag of the Liberating Expedition of Peru (1820)
Flag of Uruguay (1830-)
Flag of Texas (1839-)
Flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande (1840)
Flag of Hawaii (1845-)
Flag of Liberia (1847-)
First flag of the Confederate States of America "Stars and Bars" (1861)
Flag of Cuba used in the Ten Years' War (1868)
Flag of Puerto Rico (1895-1952)
Flag of the Philippines (1898-1901)
Flag of Rapa Nui, Chile (1899-1902)
Flag of Cuba (1902-)
Flag of the United States (1912-1959)
Flag of Chile (1912-)
Flag of Yugoslavia (1918-1941)
Flag of the Czech Republic (1993-), previously Czechoslovakia (1920–1992)
Flag of Brittany (1923-)
Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998)
Flag of the Malaysian state of Malacca (1957-)
Flag of Togo (1960-)
Flag of the United States (1960-)
Flag of Malaysia (1963-)
Flag of Poland (1980-)
Flag of the Brazilian state of Amazonas (1982-)
Flag of Bikini Atoll (1987-)
Flag of Puerto Rico (1995-)
Flag of the Philippines (1998-)
Flag of Catamarca province (2011-)

End

^ Salomon 1998, p. 25.
^ Andersen, F. I.; Freedman, D. N. (1992). "Aleph as a vowel in Old Aramaic". Studies in Hebrew and Aramaic Orthography. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 79–90.

Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTESalomon199825-1] Salomon 1998, p. 25.

[2] Andersen, F. I.; Freedman, D. N. (1992). "Aleph as a vowel in Old Aramaic". Studies in Hebrew and Aramaic Orthography. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 79–90.

[1]

[note 1]