User:Liz0618/sandbox

WEEK 1

Conducted training and made comments on peers talk page.

WEEK 2

Group assignment:

Comments for notochord article:

There is only 10 citations associated with this article. The article sources labeled 8 & 9 cannot be found. Article 10 is not properly cited. Most of the articles are from the 1990's. The earliest article source displayed is from 2009.

There are citations in the reading that are not cited in the bibliography.

The introduction needs a lot of work. There are grammatical errors as well as information that is not elaborated on in the article. For example, it talks about the development of the notochord using signaling as a key role, but in the development section this is NOT described at all. The very first sentence is also very misleading. It specifies anatomical components of the notochord but never goes into detail about the anatomy or functions.

There developmental section is all over the place. The first paragraph talks about humans and chordates but does not go into detail about the actual developmental process. The second paragraph mentions yolk sac of something. It is very unclear to know exactly what species they are talking about. The development of the notochord varies between species during the gastrulation or invagination process. This is not explained at all in this article.

The neurology portion does not have enough information on the notochords association with the CNS. This section doesn't really clarify anything at all and is hard to follow. This section definitely needs to be expanded and more examples need to be provided.

There is a very long and weird citation in the evolution section. It also talks about convergence but does not explain how or why. In this section it mentions "they" who are they? Is that the list of people mentioned? If so, what is the significance of this information? They talk about a specific phylogeny and molecular data. That is not enough to come to a conclusion about a certain aspect of the notochord's evolutionary history. More needs to be considered in my opinion. The author(s) comes off as very bias expressing his opinion with little to no information attributed.

The structure section has little to no information. A depiction of the notochord would of been really useful to describe the components and structure of the notochord. They also talk about the angle of the fibers and the pressure involved. This pertains more to physiology in my opinion. Maybe there should also be a physiological and anatomical section added.

More up to date credible sources need to be added.

There definitely needs to be more figures and illustrations. Liz0618 (talk) 17:53, 17 February 2017 (UTC)Elizabeth Aguilar (Liz0618)

WEEK 3

Individual assignment:

Developmental Engrailed is a transcription factor that helps regulate the gene frazzled in order to separate neuroblast during embryonic development. The segregation of neuroblast is essential for the formation and development of the ventral nerve cord.Liz0618 (talk) 20:42, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

WEEK 4

Dissection group articles:

Choose three of the 10 organisms listed:

• Microbat
• Perch
• Amia

Provide a one sentence reason as to why you chose it:

• Microbat: I am interested in researching the development of echolocation, and what structural components attribute to this feature. I also want to look at anatomical aspects of the wings.

• Perch: I am interested in looking into the anatomical distinctions based on their geographical location is something that appealed to me. I would like to examine the evolutionary species concept in order to distinguish whether they are separate species or the same.

• Amia: The article that was associated with this species was all of the place when it came up to geographical location and species distinctions. I would also like to look into the evolutionary heritage of this organism and anatomical aspects.

List three related topics/pages with the associated urls that you may wish to edit. You can list the naked urls or practice creating links.I will use this information to assign you to your dissection groups.

Microbat- Tragus (ear)

Larynx

Wing

Link on echolocation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation

Perch- Distinctions in ctenoid scales based on location: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_scale#Leptoid_scales

Operculum (fish)

Lateral line

Dorsal fin

Amia- Investigate why Teleost are Amias sister taxa and compare anatomical distinctions between the two: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost

Swim bladder#Structure and function

Swim bladder

Jaws

Piscivore: looking at their adult feeding behaviors in order to observe the anatomical aspects that apply to their eating habits.

Liz0618 (talk) 20:40, 26 February 2017 (UTC) Liz0618 (talk) 23:37, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Editing topics: dorsal fin, operculum,nostril/ctenoid scales

WEEK 5

Liz - operculum

Notes:(Plan for the development of this wiki page)The wiki page associated with the operculm has minimal information of its structure and function. I would like to expand on this page by providing information from journal articles and pictures of the Perch's operculum from our dissecting project. I would also like to break up the page into different components to provide a better understanding to the reader. There will be a introduction, developmental, anatomy and functions section.

Sources:

http : www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1643/CG-08-059: This article provides some information on the anatomy of the operculum. I will be able to start an anatomy section and describe some of the mechanisms involved.

http://www.bioone.org.ezproxy.plu.edu/doi/pdf/10.1080/02724634.2012.680325±. : This article provides information of the different categories and morphological associated with the operculum. It also describes the distinctions of the Operculum in the Furo muensteri. With this article I can examine different distinctions in the Furo muensteri vs the Perch and collect data. This article provides measurements of the Furo muensteri operculum. I can take measurements of the perch's operculum and find sources of online that attribute to the size of the Perch's operculum in order to build a phylogeny based on the morphological species concept and add this to the wiki pages in order to demonstrate the differences in phenotype structure in the Operculum.

Lateral line system: Notes: As a group we will be editing the lateral line page while also trying to connect it to the Perch. I would like to add some anatomical pictures from the Perch's lateral line system to this page.

Sources: http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.plu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7070e90d-3dbb-4728-b557-086b82c04b37%40sessionmgr4009&vid=1&hid=4101: This source is crucial in adding a developmental section to this wiki site, in order to provide a better understanding to the readers studying the lateral line.

Attention Dr. Schutz: Please look into Joe Perez's sandbox for our whole dissection groups work. Thank you.

WEEK 6

Liz: There are components of the operculum that are discussed on the wiki page (opercle, preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle), but it does not specify the position and placement of these components. I think it is important to start of by educating readers on the differences in position, anatomy and morphology before expanding and creating a developmental section.

Draft: The operculum has many components that have different positions and anatomical & morphological appearances. There is the pre-operculum, operculum, suboperculum, and the interoperculum. In smaller species these components are more basic in relation to their placement in larger species where they are tubercle. The pre-operculum is crescent-shaped in all Halecomorphi which are known to be bony fish, minus the Parasemionotiformes species. Parasemionotiformes pre-operculum anatomy differs in its ovoid shape and is known to be long and narrow. The operculum is the largest bone out of the other components. It is broad, rectangular in shape, and circular shaped dorsal margins. Its ventral margins are oriented anterior where the suboperculum is ventral from its position. The pre-operculum also has a series of ridges that are directed posterodorsally to the organisms canal pores. The sub-operculum has long concave shaped dorsal margins and convex posterior margins associated with this bone. It has very short anterodorsal and anteroventral margins and boarders the operculum dorsally. The inter-operculum is triangular shaped and boarders the suboperculum posterodorsally and the preoperculum anterodorsally. It is also known to be short on the dorsal and ventral surrounding boarders. NOTE: I would like to add a figure to display these positions, anatomy and morphology. I want to add pictures from our dissection in lab by locating these components and highlighting these specific areas. 7MAR2017 - Group Dissection Plan[edit] Editing topics: dorsal fin, operculum,nostril/ctenoid scales

WEEK 7

Photos from lateral line cross section and Perch specimen before dissection was conducted.

Group work

Liz - operculum Notes:(Plan for the development of this wiki page)The wiki page associated with the operculm has minimal information of its structure and function. I would like to expand on this page by providing information from journal articles and pictures of the Perch's operculum from our dissecting project. I would also like to break up the page into different components to provide a better understanding to the reader. There will be a introduction, developmental, anatomy and functions section.

Sources:

http : www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1643/CG-08-059[3]: This article provides some information on the anatomy of the operculum. I will be able to start an anatomy section and describe some of the mechanisms involved.

http://www.bioone.org.ezproxy.plu.edu/doi/pdf/10.1080/02724634.2012.680325[4]±: This article provides information of the different categories and morphological associated with the operculum. It also describes the distinctions of the Operculum in the Furo muensteri. With this article I can examine different distinctions in the Furo muensteri vs the Perch and collect data. This article provides measurements of the Furo muensteri operculum. I can take measurements of the perch's operculum and find sources of online that attribute to the size of the Perch's operculum in order to build a phylogeny based on the morphological species concept and add this to the wiki pages in order to demonstrate the differences in phenotype structure in the Operculum.

Lateral line system: Notes: As a group we will be editing the lateral line page while also trying to connect it to the Perch. I would like to add some anatomical pictures from the Perch's lateral line system to this page.

Sources: http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.plu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7070e90d-3dbb-4728-b557-086b82c04b37%40sessionmgr4009&vid=1&hid=4101[5]: This source is crucial in adding a developmental section to this wiki site, in order to provide a better understanding to the readers studying the lateral line. Liz0618 (talk) 18:00, 10 March 2017 (UTC) -

Connor - ctenoid scale

Notes:

-ctenoid scales are only a subset of the broader Fish scale page, so creating a separate page for it may be a possibility? section regarding ctenoid scales is very short... possible sections to include: evolution go into more detail regarding the variation between crenate, spinoid, true ctenoid scales scale sexual dimorphism development References:

-http://mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4196.1.6/9422 (Scale ontogeny in the cardinal fish family Apogonidae) -http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.plu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=3e20c0c6-d0d1-4ded-a3e2-234668343340%40sessionmgr4006&hid=4209 (Sexual dimorphism in scales of marbled flounder...) http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1452&context=masters_theses_2 (Genetic analysis of cichlid scale morphology) Joe - dorsal fin notes: The dorsal fin page is considered a "start", and the article has limited information, and primarily focuses on function. The page notes the research use of dorsal fins (identify cetaceans), but what other research uses do they provide? Also, the talk page notes there is a lack of information regarding the materials that make up the dorsal fin. What tissues are they derived from? What about adding some development section that describes the origins of these fins for both fishes and mammals? dorsal fin not just for stabilization - work w/ caudal/anal fins to brake[3] considered median/unpaired fin research from 2014 indicated the potential use of dorsal spines to effectively evaluate age as a non-lethal alternative to otolith analysis[4] sources: development - http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.plu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=f0a8d06f-1af1-4706-a975-17edbb008f89%40sessionmgr4009&vid=1&hid=4106 Lateral Line:[edit] Sources:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209009117 (This article could be used for developmental information)

I think adding a new image or figure may be helpful. I think we can use our perch to look at its lateral line. Also, I'm curious to see if we can take a cross section of a lateral line canal, to see how it relates to deep muscle structures.

Dissection Group Article Drafts[edit] Article Drafts: Dorsal Fin (Joe Perez)

Notes: Looking around Wikipedia, "dorsal fins", also pop up in Fish Fin article, but has very minimal information. I think that distinguishing the dorsal fin (for fish) as unpaired/medial fins is important due to its developmental trajectory. I don't think that starting a new article differentiating mammal and fish dorsal fins is necessary, but it may be insightful to include sections highlighting each. I would say that the fun structures for fish and mammals are analagous b/c they have a similar appearance and function, but no common ancestry. It's problematic that they included a mammalian dorsal fin image, but it makes sense since it is easily recognizable for individuals using Wikipedia. I need to find sources that discuss the mammalian dorsal fin, so I can potentially add a section in this page w/o making a new one. My draft for now will focus on teleost fish dorsal fins. Draft: A dorsal fin is classified as a medial, unpaired fin that is located on the dorsal side of aquatic vertebrates. In bony fish, their fins are made of dermal fin rays known as lepidotrichia and endoskeletal base with associated muscles for movement.[5] During embryogenesis, the dorsal fin, and other medial fins are derived from the caudal fin fold, which itself is made of a mix of peridermis and epidermis.[5] Larval development and skeletogenesis of the median fins of adult teleost fish result in pterygiophores, which is the internal skeletal element that supports the fin.[3] The pterygiophores have proximal, medial, and distal portions. The distal portions are comprised of cartilage whereas the elongated proximal and medial portions are made of bone.[3]These serve as attachments points for expaxial muscle, which ultimately works to aid in mobility.[3] Article Drafts: Ctenoid Scales (Connor Smith)

Notes: There is only a very short section for ctenoid scales throughout Wikipedia. Instead of making new sections/subsections within that section, I think it would be most beneficial to imbed valuable information in various parts throughout the section that is already made. I think adding 3 to 4 sentences regarding development is important as it explains how the ctenoid scales came into existence, and can be added in the second half of the section. Also, the picture in this section doesn't do a very good job showing the physical characteristics of the ctenoid scales. If I can get a good image from the perch we are dissecting, I believe it could be very advantageous to add that into the section. Below is my draft for the development addition: Draft: Ctenoid scales, similar to other epidermal appendages, originate from placodes and specific cellular differentiation makes them exclusive from other appendages that arise from the integument.[6] The development process begins with an accumulation of fibroblasts between the epidermis and dermis, forming the papillae.[6] After more differentiation, collagen fibrils start to organize themselves in the dermal layer, which leads to the initiation of mineralization.[6] The circumference of the scales grows first, followed by thickness when overlapping layers mineralize together.[6] Article Drafts: Operculum (Elizabeth Aguilar)

Notes: There are components of the operculum that are discussed on the wiki page (opercle, preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle), but it does not specify the position and placement of these components. I think it is important to start of by educating readers on the differences in position, anatomy and morphology before expanding and creating a developmental section. Draft: The operculum has many components that have different positions and anatomical & morphological appearances. There is the pre-operculum, operculum, suboperculum, and the interoperculum. In smaller species these components are more basic in relation to their placement in larger species where they are tubercle.[7] The pre-operculum is crescent-shaped in all Halecomorphi which are known to be bony fish, minus the Parasemionotiformes species.[7] Parasemionotiformes pre-operculum anatomy differs in its ovoid shape and is known to be long and narrow.[7] The operculum is the largest bone out of the other components. It is broad, rectangular in shape, and circular shaped dorsal margins.[7] Its ventral margins are oriented anterior where the suboperculum is ventral from its position.[7] The pre-operculum also has a series of ridges that are directed posterodorsally to the organisms canal pores.[7] The sub-operculum has long concave shaped dorsal margins and convex posterior margins associated with this bone.[7] It has very short anterodorsal and anteroventral margins and boarders the operculum dorsally.[7] The inter-operculum is triangular shaped and boarders the suboperculum posterodorsally and the preoperculum anterodorsally.[7] It is also known to be short on the dorsal and ventral surrounding boarders.[7] NOTE: I would like to add a figure to display these positions, anatomy and morphology. I want to add pictures from our dissection in lab by locating these components and highlighting these specific areas.

WEEK 9

Expanding summary based on critiques: I realized that I may have made this a little complex for my readers to understand. I need to specify on what I mean by structure and function. By structure, I mean the anatomy and morphology of the operculum. By function I mean the specific function each serves. Finally, by position I mean the placement of the operculum in each organism. The phylogenetic tree would be based on many organisms not just two. That needs to be changed. I'm still contemplating on how I'm going to do this.I really like the Idea that is why I'm going to see how I will be able to approach this, for now I will leave that idea up.

Original passage:There are components of the operculum that are discussed on the wiki page (opercle, preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle), but it does not specify the position and placement of these components. I think it is important to start of by educating readers on the differences in position, anatomy and morphology before expanding and creating a developmental section. I also realized based on the feed back that I shouldf talked about the operculum first then went on to discussing the rest.

Original draft:The operculum has many components that have different positions and anatomical & morphological appearances. There is the pre-operculum, operculum, suboperculum, and the interoperculum. In smaller species these components are more basic in relation to their placement in larger species where they are tubercle. The pre-operculum is crescent-shaped in all Halecomorphi which are known to be bony fish, minus the Parasemionotiformes species. Parasemionotiformes pre-operculum anatomy differs in its ovoid shape and is known to be long and narrow. The operculum is the largest bone out of the other components. It is broad, rectangular in shape, and circular shaped dorsal margins. Its ventral margins are oriented anterior where the suboperculum is ventral from its position. The pre-operculum also has a series of ridges that are directed posterodorsally to the organisms canal pores. The sub-operculum has long concave shaped dorsal margins and convex posterior margins associated with this bone. It has very short anterodorsal and anteroventral margins and boarders the operculum dorsally. The inter-operculum is triangular shaped and boarders the suboperculum posterodorsally and the preoperculum anterodorsally. It is also known to be short on the dorsal and ventral surrounding boarders.[7] NOTE: I would like to add a figure to display these positions, anatomy and morphology. I want to add pictures from our dissection in lab by locating these components and highlighting these specific areas.

Passage with corrections: The operculum has many components that have different positions in it's anatomical & morphological appearances. The anatomical anatomy is related to the placement of this bone in relation to the aquatic species body and morphological appearances are the form and shape of the operculum. There is the pre-operculum, suboperculum, and the interoperculum which make up the operculum. In smaller bony fish species these components are more basic in relation to their placement in larger aquatic species where they are tubercle. The operculum is the largest bone out of the other components. It is broad, rectangular in shape, and has circular shaped dorsal margins. Its ventral margins are oriented anterior where the suboperculum is ventral from its position. The pre-operculum is crescent-shaped in all Halecomorphi which are known to be bony fish, minus the Parasemionotiformes species. Parasemionotiformes pre-operculum anatomy differs in its ovoid shape and is known to be long and narrow. The pre-operculum also has a series of ridges that are directed posterodorsally to the organisms canal pores. The sub-operculum has long concave shaped dorsal margins and convex posterior margins associated with this bone.It has very short anterodorsal and anteroventral margins and boarders the operculum dorsally. The inter-operculum is triangular shaped and boarders the suboperculum posterodorsally and the preoperculum anterodorsally. It is also known to be short on the dorsal and ventral surrounding boarders. NOTE: I would like to add a figure to display these positions, anatomy and morphology. I want to add pictures from our dissection in lab by locating these components and highlighting these specific areas. In order to make this less complex for readers I will post a picture describing the placements of the bones and link the pages corresponded. For example, a picture showing the direction of ventral on the vertebrae I am dissecting and ten I will link the word ventral to the wiki page "Anatomical terms of location": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location

WEEK 10

Further Edits: Draft #2: The operculum has many components that have different positions in it's anatomical & morphological appearances. The anatomical anatomy is related to the placement of this bone in relation to the aquatic species body and morphological appearances are the form and shape of the operculum. There is the pre-operculum, suboperculum, and the interoperculum and operculum. In smaller bony fish species these components are more basic in relation to their placement in larger aquatic species, where they are known to be tubercle in shape. The operculum is the largest bone out of the other components. It is broad, rectangular in shape, and has circular shaped dorsal margins. Its ventral margins are oriented anterior where the suboperculum is ventral from its position. The pre-operculum is crescent-shaped in all Halecomorphi which are known to be bony fish, minus the Parasemionotiformes species which are a subgroup within the Halecomorphi species. Parasemionotiformes pre-operculum anatomy differs in its ovoid shape and is known to be long and narrow. The pre-operculum also has a series of ridges that are directed posterodorsally to the organisms canal pores. The sub-operculum has long concave shaped dorsal margins and convex posterior margins associated with this bone.It has very short anterodorsal and anteroventral margins and boarders the operculum dorsally. The inter-operculum is triangular shaped and boarders the suboperculum posterodorsally and the preoperculum anterodorsally. It is also known to be short on the dorsal and ventral surrounding boarders. NOTE:I would like to add a figure to display these positions, anatomy and morphology. I want to add pictures from our dissection in lab by locating these components and highlighting these specific areas. In order to make this less complex for readers I will post a picture describing the placements of the bones and link the pages corresponded. For example, a picture showing the direction of ventral on the vertebrae I am dissecting and ten I will link the word ventral to the wiki page Anatomical terms of location.

WEEK 11

I am going to start my edits on the Operculum (fish) page by first editing some of the language used. I will also delete the two links under references since they are "unable to be found." I will also delete some of the confusing language used. Finally I am going to add a developmental section, but leave the original Wikipedian's work up until I develop a better section.

Here is what a Wikipedian put for the introduction of this page: (Note: None of this has been cited so it is unknown where this individual retrieved this information from. The links located under references also are pages that cannot be found.)

"The operculum of a bony fish is the hard bony flap covering and protecting the gills. In most fish, the rear edge of the operculum roughly marks the division between the head and the body."

"The operculum is composed of four fused bones; the opercle, preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle. The posterior rim of the operculum is equipped with a flexible, ribbed structure which acts as a seal to prevent reverse water flow during respiration. The morphology of this anatomical feature varies greatly between species. For example, the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) has a posteriorly and dorsally oriented rounded extension with a small black splotch present. In some species, the operculum can push water from the buccal cavity through the gills."

New reformed version (Final Draft):

The Operculum is a series of bones found in bony fish that serves as a facial support structure and a protective covering for the gills; it is also used for respiration and feeding.

Anatomy:

The opercular series contains four bone segments known as the pre-operculum, suboperculum, interoperculum and operculum. The pre-operculum is a crescent-shaped structure that has a series of ridges directed posterodorsally to the organisms canal pores. The pre-operculum can be located through an exposed condyle that is located immediately under it's ventral margin; it also boarders the operculum, suboperculum, and interoperculum posteriorly.

WEEK 12

I talked about the preoperculum, now I want to expand and talk about the suboperculum and inerperculum.

The suboperculum is crescent in shape and is located ventral to the preoperculum and operculum components. It is the thinnest bone segment out of the opercular series and is located directly above the gills. The interoperculum is triangular shaped and boarders the suboperculum posterodorsally and the preoperculum anterodorsally. This bone is also known to be short on the dorsal and ventral surrounding boarders.

WEEK 13

4/3/17: Added Operculum photo from Perch dissection conducted during comparative anatomy. I modified the picture so it matches the colors of the operculum photo that is already on the Operculum Fish wiki page. I felt like a real image in relation to the cartoon one would be more beneficial for the readers. I also placed a hyperlink to the perch page and to the Anatomical terminology page as a reference for my readers. I added a Key to my image and placed my organisms species name as well. I will continue to enhance and develop this page during the week.

4/4/17: Made edits to the Cartoon photo. The terminology on the cartoon photo was terminology that no one uses or recognized. I just modified the language.

Original language: Bones of the operculum: Opercule (yellow), Preopercule (red), Interopercule (green) and Subopercule (pink)

Modified language: Opercular series in bony fish: Operculum (yellow), Preoperculum (red), Interoperculum (green) and Suboperculum (pink)

These are the same colors I used to describe my picture for consistency purposes. I also added a figure legend to the image I placed:

Perch opercular series dissected by Elizabeth Aguilar at Pacific Lutheran University during Comparative Anatomy course. Each color that is labeled with a letter A,B, C or D corresponds to a specific component of the opercular series (please see key located at the bottom of the image).

4/5/17: Took out figure legend and modified the Perch Operculum image by adding its anatomical positions so my readers would have a better understanding of where each component lies in relation to the whole Perch body.

WEEK 14

Added a developmental section to the operculum page. Adding the passage below to the developmental section and organizing what they have written because it is all over the place.

Developmental section passage:

During development the opercular series is known to be one of the first bone structures to form. In the Three-spined stickleback the opercular series is seen forming at around seven days Post-fertilization. Within hours the formation of the shape is visible and the individual components are developed days later. The size and shape of the operculum bone is dependent on the organisms location. For example, fresh water Threespine stickleback form a less dense and smaller opercular series in relation to marine Threespine stickleback. The marine Threespine stickleback exhibits a larger and thicker opercular series. This provides evidence that there was an evolutionary change in the operculum bone series. The thicker and more dense bone may have been favored due to selective pressures exerted from the Threespine stickleback's environment. The development of the operculuar series has changed dramatically over time. The fossil record of the Threespine stickleback provide the ancestral shapes of the operculum bone. Overall, the operculum bone became more triangular in shape and thicker in size overtime.

Genes that are essential in the development of the opercular series is the Eda and Pitx1 genes.These genes are known to be a part of the development and loss of armor plates in Gnathostomates. The Endothelin1 pathway is thought to be associated with the development of the operculum bone since it regulates dorsal-ventral patterning of the hyomandibular region. Mutations in Edn1-pathway in Zebrafish are known to lead to deformities of the opercular series shape and size.

passage that was on operculum page prior to modifications:

For some fish, opercula are vital in obtaining oxygen. They open as the mouth closes, causing the pressure inside the fish to drop. Water then flows towards the lower pressure across the fish's gill lamellae, allowing some oxygen to be absorbed from the water.

Whereas the cartilaginous ratfishes have soft and flexible opercular flaps, the sharks, rays and relatives (elasmobranch fishes) lack opercula completely and respire instead through a series of gill slits perforating the body wall. Without opercula, other methods of getting water to the gills are required, such as ventilation.

Organized passage:

The opercular series is vital in obtaining oxygen. They open as the mouth closes, causing the pressure inside the fish to drop. Water then flows towards the lower pressure across the fish's gill lamellae, allowing some oxygen to be absorbed from the water. In cartilaginous Ratfishes, they present soft and flexible opercular flaps. Sharks, rays and relatives such as elasmobranch fishes lack the opercular series. They instead respire through a series of gill slits that perforate the body wall. Without the operculum bone, other methods of getting water to the gills are required, such as ventilation.

Perch page:

Modified language used about the operculum and linked it to the operculum (fish) wiki page.

Lateral line page:

Originally I sought to add a developmental portion to the lateral line page, but it seems to already have a good foundation on developmental mechanisms that contribute to the lateral line development in the functions section. They also have great images so adding the image we took of the Perch cross section of the lateral line does not seem necessary. Although it was a lot of fun creating that slide.

Operculum Image

Raw image of perch operculum (L)

Perch opercular series dissected by Elizabeth Aguilar at Pacific Lutheran University during Comparative Anatomy course. Each color that is labeled with a letter A,B, C or D corresponds to a specific component of the opercular series (please see key located at the bottom of the image).

Liz0618 (talk) 03:32, 18 March 2017 (UTC)

Liz0618 (talk) 19:13, 15 March 2017 (UTC) Liz0618 (talk) 17:57, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

Liz0618 (talk) 02:11, 9 March 2017 (UTC)