Jump to content

User:Lemonlab/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

LGBTQ rights in Maldives Maldives
Maldives
StatusIllegal[1]
PenaltyUp to death.[2] Sharia law applies. Whippings, house arrest, deportation, and up to 6 years in jail. Vigilante attacks and executions also occur.
Gender identityIllegal

LGBT rights in the Maldives are still in development as the country continues to strongly oppose law reform and LGBT rights developments through the Universal Periodic Review and other recommendations. The Maldives was one of the initial 57 (now 54) members to sign a document opposing LGBT rights in the UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity in 2008. In 2011, the Maldives further rejected a landmark proposal for an LGBT rights resolution in the United Nations Human Rights Council put forth by the Republic of South Africa.[3] Since then, many other attempts to develop LGBT Rights in the country have been rejected by the Government.[4] Homosexuality was originally criminalised in the Maldives in the 1880s.[5] The Maldives law criminalises homosexuality and prescribes criminal penalties for same-sex sexual conduct and relationships. The Penal Code of the Maldives works with Islamic Shariah Law to punish any acts relating to homosexuality through prison sentences, death penalties, and lashings.[6] Despite this, homosexuality is rarely prosecuted but remains a social taboo where sexual orientation discrimination occurs frequently and those in the LGBT community are subject to hate crimes and other human rights violations.[7]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

[edit]

Same-sex relationships, including same-sex marriages, civil unions, and domestic partnerships, are not recognised in the Maldives.

Penal Code and Sharia Law

[edit]

Section 410(a)(8) of the Maldives Penal Code (In force since 16 July 2015) criminalises same-sex marriage by stating that it is an offence if "two persons of the same sex enter into a marriage".[8] The Penal Code of the Maldives further criminalises homosexuality in several ways. Criminal sexual contact is defined under section 131 of the Maldives Penal Code and refers to the prohibition of sexual contact without any reason permitted under Islamic Sharia Law. Same-sex intercourse is illegal under Sharia Law following specific passages in the Quran which refer to the forbidden nature of homosexuality.[9] Same-sex sexual intercourse is explicitly named as an offence within section 411(2) of the Penal Code and is defined under section 411(f).[10]

Punishment and enforcement mechanisms

[edit]

The maximum penalties for homosexual acts prohibited under the Maldives Penal Code include; imprisonment of up to one year for unlawful marriage under s410(a)(8), imprisonment of up to eight years for criminal conduct under s411(a)(2) and 411(d) with allowance for a supplementary 100 lashes punishment under Islamic Sharia Law, and imprisonment for up to four years for unlawful sexual conduct under s412.[11]

According to the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) the Maldives Penal Code (prior to amendment in 2015) left matters concerning sexual conduct uncodified and to be regulated by Sharia Law, applicable to Muslims only. However, since the amended Penal Code came into effect the laws concerning LGBT rights have tightened. Same-sex relations were previously illegal under Islamic Sharia Law (applying only to Muslims, though not under National Law. However, the amended Penal Code "transposes into national law provisions which were previously just in Sharia law and applicable to Muslim citizens".[12] This may include punishments of the death penalty as the Penal Code states that if "punishments are predetermined in the Holy Quran, that person shall be punished according to Islamic Sharia and as prescribed by this Act and the Holy Quran".[13]

United Nations developments

[edit]

United Nations resolutions

[edit]

In 2008, a European-drafted statement[14] called for the decriminalisation of homosexuality and recommended that states "take all the necessary measures, in particular legislative or administrative, to ensure that sexual orientation or gender identity may under no circumstances be the basis for criminal penalties, in particular executions, arrests or detention".[15] The Maldives was one of the initial 57 members (now 54 members) which signed an opposing document, read by the Syrian representative, that divided the United Nations General Assembly on the issue of LGBT Rights.[16] As a country under Islamic Sharia Law, the Maldives followed the documents beliefs on several matters. The document stated that the European-drafted statement[17] interfered with matters that should be within the domestic jurisdiction of individual states. Furthermore, the document also stated a desire to avoid the social normalisation of what were considered to be ‘disgraceful acts’ by setting new rights and standards that were not agreed upon by entering into membership and following the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[18] It also claimed that the declaration was a threat to the international framework of human rights.[19]

In June 2011 the Maldives rejected a resolution submitted by the Republic of South Africa at the United Nations which sought to affirm the rights of the LGBT community. A second resolution was adopted by the United Nations Human Rights Council in September 2014 which related to sexual orientation and gender identity, however, this was again rejected by the Maldives.[20]

Universal Periodic Review

[edit]

In September 2014, in the Human Rights Commission of the Maldives (HRCM) submission to the Universal Periodic Review of the Maldives, a number of human rights issues were highlighted, however no LGBT rights issues were discussed.[21] ‘Freedom of Expression’ was highlighted as an area of concern where it was noted, "there are no laws which guarantee freedom of expression in the Maldives".[22] Reference was made to the numerous death threats and other violent behaviour received by human rights activists and the Commission did note the need to "take measures to address issues of threats and intimidation directed to parliamentarians, journalists and civil society activists to ensure their safety".[23] This may or may not extend to the same persecution suffered by LGBT rights activists. The objectives of the Maldives Human Rights Commission are set out in the Human Rights Commission Act and explain why LGBT Rights were not included in the submission. The objectives of the Commission include protecting, promoting and sustaining human rights in the Maldives "in accordance with Islamic Sharia and the Constitution of the Maldives"[24]

In the United Nation’s 2016 report of the Human Rights Council on its thirtieth session, it was noted that the Maldives accepted 198 recommendations made out of 258, leaving 60 recommendations rejected. These 60 recommendations included matters that were said to contradict the Islamic Faith and the Constitution of the Maldives; such as those "relating to freedom of religion, lesbian, gay, bi-sexual and transgender and non-traditional forms of the family".[25] Here, Action Canada for Population and Development responded by noting their concern over the Maldives rejection of "adopting a law against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation".[26]

The Human Rights Council, in 2015, recommended that the Maldives accelerate their work towards enacting anti-discrimination legislation and to "ensure it includes a prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation; and combat the stigmatization and marginalization of homosexuals in society"[27] It was reported that those perceived as homosexual or transgender in the Maldives were the target of hate crimes and other human rights violations and so the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) recommended the Maldives seek to ensure the protection of LGBT individuals from this through law reform.[28] The Committee also recommended that the Maldives "decriminalize sexual relations between consenting adults of the same sex".[29]. These recommendations were noted by the Maldives but not accepted.

In the Human Rights Council's National Report for the Maldives in 2015, it was noted that since the review of the Maldives in 2010 there have been many important developments in terms of human rights as the country transitioned to a democratic society. The report does not, however, include any detailing of LGBT human rights issues or developments.[30]

In May 2015, in a briefing paper submitted to the Maldives second cycle Universal Periodic Review, the International Service for Human Rights (ISHR) said "[u]ncodified Muslim Sharia Law criminalises homosexual conduct, thus making the Maldives a very insecure place to advocate for the rights of persons who identify themselves as LGBT"[31]

Constitutional framework

[edit]

In 2009 the Maldives transitioned to a Constitution that included a chapter on rights and freedoms, demonstrating the desire to embrace a new culture of human rights.[32] However, this did not include any resolutions as to LGBT human rights issues.

[edit]

Public opinion

[edit]

In 2013, a blogger named Hilath Rasheed was violently attacked outside his home in the Maldives due to his openness regarding homosexuality and religious freedom. Freedom of religion, which heavily interweaves with freedom of expression and sexuality in the Maldives, remains heavily restricted in the country, both legally and through public opinion.[33] A 2014 article in New Zealand spoke of Abraham Naim who was granted asylum due to the persecution he faced being gay in the Maldives.The Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment said to have granted refugee status because Naim was "at risk of serious harm from state agents" and would likely face further persecution for being openly gay on returning to the Maldives.[34] This was affirmed by Ibrahim Muaz, a spokesman at the President’s Office, who commented that those seeking asylum abroad for reasons of sexual orientation discrimination would face prosecution upon return.[35] While discrimination is apparent in the Maldives it remains a popular holiday destination for LGBT couples who rarely experience the reality of the country’s Islamic based law due to the income from tourism.[36] Rainbow Warriors[37] stated that the local Maldives LGBT movement is mostly limited to the virtual world, operating on the internet, due to the uncertainty and the intensity of homophobia in the country.[38] 2015 saw two local men arrested in their private home on one of the islands in the Maldives with charges of homosexuality following a complaint by a member of the public.[39]

Discrimination protections

[edit]

There is no legal protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

Summary table

[edit]
Same-sex sexual activity legal No
Equal age of consent No
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only No
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services No
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) No
Recognition of same-sex couples (e.g. Civil Partnerships) No
Adoption by same-sex couples No
Gays allowed to serve in the military checkY
Right to change legal gender No
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples No
Access to IVF for lesbians No
MSMs allowed to donate blood checkY

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ [1] Aengus Carroll 'State Sponsored Homophobia' ILGA (11th Edition).
  2. ^ [2] Eric Randolph 'Trouble in paradise: The darker side of the Maldives' 10 April 2013.
  3. ^ [3] Patrick Worsnip 'U.N. divided over gay rights declaration' 19 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  4. ^ [4] United Nations 'Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review' at 4.
  5. ^ [5] BBC 'Where is it Illegal to be Gay' 10 February 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  6. ^ [6] Maldives Penal Code.
  7. ^ [7] United Nations Human Rights Council 'Compilation prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution 16/21' at 7.
  8. ^ [8] Maldives Penal Code s 410(a)(8).
  9. ^ [9] Richard Burton 'The Qu'ran and Homosexuality', Fordham University. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  10. ^ [10] Maldives Penal Code s 411.
  11. ^ [11] Aengus Carroll 'State Sponsored Homophobia' ILGA (11th Edition) at 109.
  12. ^ [12] Rainbow Warriors 'LGBT Rights in the Maldives - 2015' 14 August 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  13. ^ [13] Maldives Penal Code s 1205.
  14. ^ [14] Patrick Worsnip 'U.N. divided over gay rights declaration' 19 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  15. ^ [15] 'UN states urged to decriminalise homosexuality' 19 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  16. ^ [16] Patrick Worsnip 'U.N. divided over gay rights declaration' 19 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  17. ^ [17] Patrick Worsnip 'U.N. divided over gay rights declaration' 19 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  18. ^ [18] Patrick Worsnip 'U.N. divided over gay rights declaration' 19 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  19. ^ [19] MacFarquhar, Neil 'In a First, Gay Rights Are Pressed at the U.N.' New York Times. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  20. ^ [20] Adam Howard 'UN passes resolution on behalf of LGBT citizens around the globe' MSNBC 26 September 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  21. ^ [21] Human Rights Commission of the Maldives (HRCM) 'HRCM Submission to the Universal Periodic Review of the Maldives, April –May 2015 (22nd session)'.
  22. ^ [22] Human Rights Commission of the Maldives (HRCM) 'HRCM Submission to the Universal Periodic Review of the Maldives, April –May 2015 (22nd session)' at 5.
  23. ^ [23] Human Rights Commission of the Maldives (HRCM) 'HRCM Submission to the Universal Periodic Review of the Maldives, April –May 2015 (22nd session)' at 5.
  24. ^ [24] Maldives Human Righs Commission Act s 2(b).
  25. ^ [25] United Nations General Assembly 'Report of the Human Rights Council on its thirtieth session' at 83.
  26. ^ [26] United Nations General Assembly 'Report of the Human Rights Council on its thirtieth session'at 87.
  27. ^ [27] United Nations Human Rights Council 'Compilation prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution 16/21' at 7.
  28. ^ [28] United Nations Human Rights Council 'Compilation prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution 16/21' at 7.
  29. ^ [29] United Nations Human Rights Council 'Compilation prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution 16/21' at 11.
  30. ^ [30] United Nations Human Rights Council 'National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21*'.
  31. ^ [31] International Service for Human Rights (ISHR) 'Maldives: Briefing paper on the situation of human rights defenders'. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  32. ^ [32] Dr Puma Sen 'Universal Periodic Review: lessons, Hopes and Expectations' at 16.
  33. ^ [33] Freedom house 'Maldives 2009'. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  34. ^ [34] Tom Hunt 'Gay refugee wins drag pageant' 2 Jun 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  35. ^ [35] Global Voices 'Homosexual Asylum Seekers from The Maldives Face Prosecution Upon Return' 6 June 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  36. ^ [36] Luke Jackson 'The Law VS Reality: Gay Travel to the Maldives' 23 May 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  37. ^ [37] Rainbow Warriors 'LGBT rights in the Maldives: 2015'.
  38. ^ [38] Colin Stewart 'Maldives: Lenient no more, island nation arrests 2' 1 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  39. ^ [39] Colin Stewart 'Maldives: Lenient no more, island nation arrests 2' 1 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lemonlab/sandbox&oldid=846991787"