User:Laschke/sandbox

Dr. Council's comments on group lead

Since you've already started on the rest of your article, I will comment on your lead section here.

• Nice job! I see you've added links to related topics mentioned in the lead.
  • Add the reference citation to Lazarus and Folkman. Also add more detail and reference citations to this sentence: It is a component in a variety of theories relating to stress, mental health, coping, and emotion.
• Good to see that you're breaking your article into its main parts, and adding section and subsection titles to organize and make it easy for the reader to follow.

J.R. Council (talk) 21:11, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

Dr. Council's comments on Assignment 8, main article draft

You've made a nice start here, but the details need to be filled in. I will comment below in text. I've used italics to highlight areas that need attention. J.R. Council (talk) 22:04, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Dr. Council's comments on Assignment 9, final draft

• Congratulations! This looks like a job well-done. I have a few concerns but I will let Ian know that this is ready for him to inspect.

1. First, you were supposed to let me know on the Talk Page how you responded to my feedback. I don't see anything.
2. One of my main concerns was that the color diagram would not be permitted on Wikipedia. I doubt that it is in the public domain or that you have permission to use it.
3. My other concern related to the final draft below is that the last section seems incomplete. You have a note to yourself there. You should clean this up.

User:Ian (Wiki Ed) please take a look at the mostly final draft and let them know what needs to be done before publishing. Thanks! J.R. Council (talk) 04:14, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

Cognitive appraisal

Cognitive appraisal (also called simply 'appraisal') is the subjective interpretation made by an individual to stimuli in the environment. It is a component in a variety of theories relating to stress, mental health, coping, and emotion. It is most notably used in the transactional model of stress and coping, introduced in a 1981 publication by Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman. In this theory, cognitive appraisal is defined as the way in which an individual responds to and interprets stressors in life. A variety of mental disorders have been observed as having abnormal patterns of cognitive appraisal in those affected by the disorder. Other work has detailed how personality can influence the way in which individuals cognitively appraise a situation.

Conceptualizations and theories

Visual representation of Lazarus' transactional model of stress.

Lazarus' transactional model of stress

This model uses cognitive appraisal as a way to explain responses to stressful events.

According to this theory, two distinct forms of cognitive appraisal must occur in order for an individual to feel stress in response to an event; Lazarus called these stages "primary appraisal" and "secondary appraisal". During primary appraisal, an event is interpreted as dangerous to the individual or threatening to their personal goals. During secondary appraisal, the individual determines that they have insufficient resources to overcome the event. When both of these conditions occur, the event causes stress as a response.

Scherer's component process model

The component process model proposed by Klaus Scherer utilizes cognitive appraisal to explain an individual’s psychological and physiological response to situations. Scherer’s model makes additions to the Lazarus’ transactional model regarding how many appraisals occur. Rather than just two levels of appraisal in response to an event (primary and secondary), Scherer’s model suggests four distinct appraisals occur: (a) the direct effects or relevance that an individual perceives an event being to them (b) the consequences an event has both immediately and long-term to an individual and their goals (c) the ability an individual perceives they can cope with the consequences of an event (d) the ways in which the events are perceived to result from an individual’s values and self-concept. This model and additional work by Scherer notably highlights not only psychological responses, but many physiological responses according to how events are appraised by an individual.

Roseman's appraisal theory of emotions

Ira Roseman utilized the concept of cognitive appraisal to build an explanatory theory that encompasses a wider range of emotions (when compared with Lazarus' transactional model). According to Roseman (1996), positive emotions result from events that an individual appraises as consistent with their motives, while negative emotions result from events that individuals appraise as inconsistent with their motives. More specific emotions are based on if the event is perceived to be as caused by others, the individual, or due to an uncontrollable circumstance.

Practical applications

The way in which stress is cognitively appraised has been found to influence mental health. Cognitive styles of perceiving the world and interpreting events have been suggested as factors that may make certain individuals more prone to depression, such as Aaron Beck's cognitive theory (1967). A variety of studies have linked panic disorder with attentional biases and catastrophic perceptions of events.

References

Work split up:

Definition & Summary - Nick & Kelsey

History & Introduction - Kendra & Kelsey

Applications & Fields - Kendra & Nick

Each member responsible for at least one more reference.

K.bontje (talk) 18:20, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Dundermifflinthisispam (talk) 18:50, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Laschke (talk) 21:12, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 7: Group Lead

Cognitive appraisal is the subjective interpretation made by an individual to stimuli in the environment. It is a component in a variety of theories relating to stress, mental health, coping, and emotion. It is most notably used in the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, introduced in a 1981 publication by Richard Lazarus and XXX Folkman. In this theory, cognitive appraisal is defined as the way in which an individual responds to and interprets stressors in life. A variety of mental disorders have been noted as having abnormal patterns of cognitive appraisal in those affected by the disorder. Other work has detailed how personality can influence the ways in which individuals cognitively appraise a situation.

Dundermifflinthisispam (talk) 18:08, 19 November 2018 (UTC) K.bontje (talk) 18:12, 19 November 2018 (UTC)

To still do:

* Link related articles

* Find when and actual paper published by Lazarus, put in references Laschke (talk) 15:19, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 6

Dr. Council's comments:

1. First off, I think Nick's lead conforms best to what Wikipedia defines as a good lead. It gets includes a definition, and the name of the topic begins the first sentence. Cognitive appraisal should be in bold, however. I would also put the definition right at the beginning (ot is currently in the second sentence), followed by the statement that it is a component of various theories. Also, identify the transactional theory as Lazarus's, and add links to the appropriate articles.
2. Kelsey and Kendra's leads provide some details on Lazarus's theory that should be included in the final group lead for Assignment 7.
3. You were all supposed to commment on each other's leads. However, there are no comments on Kendra's lead. There seems to be two comments on Kelsey's lead, and one on Nick's but neither are signed. Please remember to start using the four tildes ~~~~ in edit source mode to sign. J.R. Council (talk) 19:43, 2 November 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 6: Lead Section- Kendra Bontje

According to Richard Lazarus, who proposed the model "Theory of Cognitive Appraisal" in 1984, cognitive appraisal occurs when a personal considers two major factors that contribute to his response to stress. These factors are the threatening tendency and the assessment of resources required to minimize, tolerate, or eradicate the stressor and the stress it produces. Essentially, stress involves the production of stressors by the environment - stimuli or situations - and how an individual responds to these stressors. The concept of stress was a lead to the theory of cognitive appraisal.

I think this is a good lead, as it highlights Lazarus's model. We should definitely include this model with more detail in our lead section, as it helps set the pace for our topic.

Dundermifflinthisispam (talk) 18:19, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 6: Lead Section- Kelsey Nersten

Cognitive appraisal involves one's own view of a circumstance or situation. The transactional model of stress management is one of the few theories that helps explain the reactions and interpretations a person has to a particular environment (situation). In order to understand Cognitive Appraisal, we must start from the very beginning, when it was first discovered. The Lazarus model, Cognitive Appraisal Theory, and later studies will help describe Cognitive Appraisal in depth to further one's understanding.

Dundermifflinthisispam (talk) 21:58, 28 October 2018 (UTC)

Hey, this is a good start! I like how it is simple and to the point: it doesn't have unnescessary information! I would probably change the part about it being "discovered" though, because it is more of an idea or theory. I think saying developed or suggested would be better because it is a concept that was created to explain observations. Hopefully that makes some sense...

I agree with Nick! This is a good start but I feel you could give a bit more detail on what exactly cognitive appraisal is and give a short summary!

Assignment 6: Lead Section- Nick Laschkewitsch

Cognitive appraisal is a psychological concept that is a component in a variety of theories relating to stress, mental health, coping, and emotion. In essence, cognitive appraisal is the subjective interpretation made by an individual to stimuli in the environment. It is most notably used in the the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping in which the cognitive appraisal an individual has to stressors determines how they handle that stress. A variety of mental disorders have been noted as having abnormal patterns of cognitive appraisal in those affected by the disorder. Other work has detailed how personality can influence the ways in which individuals cognitively appraise a situation.

Laschke (talk) 03:17, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

This is really well worded and does a good job of summarizing all our important topics! The only thing i think is missing from your Lead is mentioning Lazarus, who I think we should briefly touch on just to give a little history of this theory.

I think you did a great job at really explaining what Cognitive Appraisal is, which is needed in an intro section. You talked about it's definition, when it is used, and how it affects certain disorders. We can use those particular details in future sections of this topic.

Dundermifflinthisispam (talk) 18:19, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 5

Dr. Council's comments on Assignment 5

Nice job! However, I can see things that need fixing. Here are my comments:

1. You don't have a real outiine. What you've got is a lot of information, but it's hard to follow. A proper outline would organize all this.
2. The illustration/diagram is great, but you might not be able to use it. You should determine whether it is in the public domain. Type Help:Menu/Images and media into the search box for guidelines and how-to.

J.R. Council (talk) 20:50, 24 October 2018 (UTC)

• Important!: Since much of this is not signed, I can't assign credit for your work. While you are revising this, please indicate who did what. I will socre the assighment after I get this information. J.R. Council (talk) 20:57, 24 October 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 4- 10/2/18

KB

-I initially noticed this article is lacking a detailed, understandable, and easy to follow explanation. There is a lot of information left out and not included. There is also no reference to Lazarus who played a key role in CA.

-References: 1. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, Vol 8(1), Jan, 2017. pp. 75-86.

2. American Psychologist, Vol 45(4), Apr, 1990. pp. 455-457.

• This kind of article is good for background J.R. Council (talk) 19:12, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

-I am also wondering how far "off subject" we can take this topic? I found an interesting article that relates CA with personality disorders which could give an unique perspective to the topic.

• You can always add in a new section, but you don't want to distract from the main topic. I don't think the new article you found would be a problem. Seems pretty directly related.

Also, how much can we include in regards to the main contributor of CA, Richard Lazarus?

• Lazarus has a Wikipedia article. You can just discuss Lazarus briefly, and link to his page.

K.bontje (talk) 17:14, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

KN

-One problem I noticed with the Cognitive Appraisal article is that there really isn't a solution to the problem. We're presented with the definition of Cognitive Appraisal and how therapists may help their clients identify it, but that's all we're really given.

• Be sure the article has a good definition of CA at the beginning. Not sure what you mean by "solution to the problem," bit a good definition will help. J.R. Council (talk) 19:21, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

-References:

1. Alhurani, A., Dekker, R., Ahmad, M., Miller, J., Yousef, K., Abdulqader, B., … Moser, D. (2018). Stress, cognitive appraisal, coping, and event free survival in patients with heart failure. Heart & Lung, 47(3), 205–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.03.008

2. Kroemeke, A. (n.d.). Depressive symptom trajectories over a 6-year period following myocardial infarction: predictive function of cognitive appraisal and coping. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 39(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-015-9681-y

-The first question I have is how much information we're allowed to add to the article? There are no rules about length, but make sure you are balanced. Don't make one section significantly more longer and detailed than others. For this kind of article, you don't need to discuss specific research studies in detail. Just summarize. J.R. Council (talk) 19:21, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

-Secondly, how much lee-way do we have when it comes to restructuring the article? (possibly changing the direction of the article).

• In a sense, you have considerable leeway. You can move things around and do some editing on the current article. Just don't delete whole sections. Write "around" what is there. J.R. Council (talk) 19:21, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Dundermifflinthisispam (talk) 23:17, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

NL

• One issue I see is that, outside of the first sentence, CA isn't being described very well in a general sense. I looked through an old book for the class on personality psychology and it make so much more sense than how it is described in the wiki article. Also, I just want to point out that the article defines CA using Lazarus' defenition, but other research has been done using similar but different definitions. I think the Lazarus 2-stage model would make a good subsection, but it's way to specific for the intro/summary.
• References:
  • Larsen, R., & Bruss, D. (2008). Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill.
  • Craighead, W., Miklowitz, D., Craighead, L. (2013). Psychopathology: History, Diagnosis, and Empirical Foundations (2nd ed.). Wiley: NJ.

• The only question I really have is I am just curious how "off-topic" or into related issues we can get. The second book I listed was for a psychopathology class I had taken. The book covers a lot of the current research on many of the disorders in the DSM. I noticed that the book covers research being done in "negative cognitive style" and "cognitive schemas" and their link to things like depression. Something like a "negative cognitive style" would just be someone who normally has a cognitive appraisal with a negative/averse emotion. Would this be something to have its own section? Can it be part of our article even if it isn't specifically the same term, but very closely related?
  • You have several questions here. You can certainly add in short sections on related topics. Try not to overwhelm the main topic. You can also mention related topics briefly, and link to Wiki pages where there is more complete informatiion.

Laschke (talk) 01:16, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 5:

Section 1: To Do List

1. Find more credible sources/articles that have information on Cognitive Appraisal.

1. Read through what we have already posted more thoroughly.
2. I think a lot of psychopathology and emotion/personality texbooks would be useful.
3. There are probably some studies specifically that look at cognitive appraisal.

2. Gather reliable information we find from those sources

1. Highlight key points, from each work and try to get the general main concepts.
2. Make some brief notes that describe what the highlights were.
3. Get together and go through them together.
4. Try to develop what we think are the topics and ideas that are most often discussed about congitive appraisal.

3. Generate detailed sections in the article that include methods, findings, conclusions, etc.

Dundermifflinthisispam (talk) 23:43, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

Laschke (talk) 14:09, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

K.bontje (talk) 18:14, 19 November 2018 (UTC)

Section 2: Outline