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Cloning

The very first possibility of idea of cloning came to the mind and thinking process of people in the period when Scottish scientists. at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep "Dolly" in 1997. Even though many other scientists and experts tested genetic cases, as of August Weismann, in 1885. that it would go diminished as the cell go through different one. Since cloning is a very disputable issue there are different points of view on pros and cons of cloning both animal and human being. What and how cloning is exactly, dictionary defines “a procedure for producing multiple copies of genetically identical organisms or cells or of individual genes. Organisms may be cloned by transplanting blastocysts from one embryo into an empty zona pellucida, or nuclei from the cells of one individual into enucleated oocytes. Cells may be cloned by growing them in culture under conditions that promote cell reproduction. Genes may be cloned by isolating them from the genome of one organism and incorporating them into the genome of an asexually reproducing organism, such as a bacterium or a yeast.” Dictionary. Or in other words “Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two”, Genetic Science Learning Center, 1969.

Types of Cloning

Cloning a process of making copy or copies of any organism in which the genotypic of the new organism remain the same as that of parent is done by the following three types of cloning.

Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning

The terms "recombinant DNA technology," "DNA cloning," "molecular cloning," and "gene cloning" all refer to the same process: the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today.” Cloning Fact Sheet. To clone a gene Scientists use a separate chromosomal DNA fragmented which contain the interested gene and use constraint enzymes then mix it with a plasmid which is cut by the same restriction enzymes. Then when DNA chromosome fragment is joined with its cloning vector one then it is called "recombinant DNA molecule."

Reproductive Cloning

“Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. Dolly was created by reproductive cloning technology. In a process called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT), scientists transfer genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg whose nucleus, and thus its genetic material, has been removed. The reconstructed egg containing the DNA from a donor cell must be treated with chemicals or electric current in order to stimulate cell division. Once the cloned embryo reaches a suitable stage, it is transferred to the uterus of a female host where it continues to develop until birth”.Cloning Fact Sheet.Dolly an example of reproductive cloning is produced by nuclear transfer technology it has the same chromosomal or nuclear DNA with the donor. The existence of Dolly actually proved that the genetic material from a specialized adult cell, such as an udder cell programmed to express only those genes needed by udder cells, could be reprogrammed to generate an entire new organism. Before this demonstration.Cloning Fact Sheet.

Therapeutic Cloning

Therapeutic cloning, also called "embryo cloning," is the production of human embryos for use in research. The goal of this process is not to create cloned human beings, but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to treat disease. Stem cells are important to biomedical researchers because they can be used to generate virtually any type of specialized cell in the human body. Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it has divided for 5 days. The egg at this stage of development is called a blastocyst. The extraction process destroys the embryo, which raises a variety of ethical concerns. Many researchers hope that one day stem cells can be used to serve as replacement cells to treat heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and other diseases. See more on the potential use of cloning in organ transplants.Cloning Fact Sheet.

Cloning prevention

Since there is a very big difference between human and animal, human being has given a complete right of freedom then it does not mean that human being can harm other human being and other living organisms. That is obvious that human being is highly greedy they can harm anything for satisfying their greediness. Whenever there are some advances in the technology people are eager using it for negative purposes rather than the positive one. For instance, the weapons which are supposed to be used for the safety of the people but people use it killing each other. Also a recent example of facebook, it is designed to connect friends, classmates, families and other relatives from different corners of the world which is a best service. But people use it for their negative purposes like creating fake accounts or misusing others’ photos by their name and post naked and very bad pictures and videos. The same people can use clone of one who he want to abuse.

Christen Perspective toward cloning

What the Bible says on cloning issue is that people are not permitted to clone because human is created in God’s image says in Genesis 1:26-27 asserts that man is created in God’s image and likeness and is unique among all creations. Clearly, human life is something to be valued and not treated like a commodity to be bought and sold. What is the Christian view of human cloning?. There is the only power of God who can give life to the creatures, that is why life is so important and valuable. If human is allowed to clone human and other living organisms then there is no value of life, one can kill this clone and can create another clone which leads to devaluate life and its importance. Because according to Genesis 2:7 “And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.” Human is created from the dust by the will of God then God granted man life by breathing into his nostrils, which means human life is given by God and no one else has the power to give life to man because all power is in the hand of God, he can give and take man’s life.

Meanwhile, on the ethics of human cloning the Roman Catholic Church, which is adamantly opposed to any form of human cloning and has worked to mobilize political opposition to it. In the church’s view, creation of life and subsequent destruction of it for therapeutic or research purposes is equivalent to murder. Pope John Paul II expressed the official position of the Roman Catholic Church mentioned “Abortion, euthanasia, and human cloning risk reducing the human person to a mere object”. The Ethics of Human Cloning, 2005. Human clone is morally disapproved by many scholars and philosophers based on the value of human life in order not to compare with goods and other products. While on some serious cases of providing one the need it is allowed as of the laws in of Jewish as it states “when no other method is available it would appear that Jewish law accepts that having children through cloning is perhaps a mitzvah (blessing) in a number of circumstances and is morally neutral in a number of other circumstances. Judaism holds a fairly positive view of cloning. One of the fundamental tenets of Judaism is that God wants human beings to use all of their capacities to improve the health of others. In addition, Jewish law does not recognize the human embryo as a human being”,The Ethics of Human Cloning, 2005. within one Jewish religion there are different views on human cloning as I mentioned before that Jewish law do not ban human cloning but at the same time The Rabbinical Council assert its opposition toward human cloning.

Similarl, Orthodox Christian churches, Russian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church, “They see human reproductive cloning as an attempt to create human beings in man’s image rather than God’s”, The Ethics of Human Cloning, 2005. According to the Bible that man is created in image of God, then the case of human cloning it would get the inverse shape which is not acceptable in any case. Because man can never compete God, because man is created by God and in the image of God then man should follow the rules and regulations according to the guidance given in the Bible. The same idea found among Protestants, Presbyterian minister Dr. D. James Kennedy states “Cloning is unethical and immoral and shows a complete disregard for the sanctity of human life,” it is immoral because in the cloning process the embryo gets away of the rights it deserve, forcefully the embryo is made a copy of the donor which is unethical.

Islam Perspective toward cloning

Islam basically concerns with the value of life that life is granted by God and He can bring conditions to our lives not people because only God is the owner of our lives. Quran in the chapter 23, verse 12-14 said. “We created (khalaqna) man of an extraction of clay, then we set hum, a drop in a safe lodging, then we created of the drop of a clot, then we created of the clot of a tissue bones, then we covered the bones in flesh; thereafter we produced it as another creature. So blessed be god, the best of creators (khaliqin).” Cloning would become nothing short of a commercial venture. Already plans are afoot in some Western countries such as America to clone past superior race-horses so that the gambling and racing industry remain abuzz with these fast horses for decades to come and the tatter stalls continue to generate Haraam (illegal) business. What does Islam say about Cloning, 2001. The value human life possess more out of imagination, that is give to human a gift to be protected and respected as it deserve.

Contrary to this if human clone is allowed people would miss use the value of life, more than that people would compare themselves with God that they also can create human being and can take their life which is completely opposite to the Islamic guidance that there is only one God who possess all power, he is the one who can give us life and who can take our life because only he is complete no one more. On the other hand there is the conception among Muslim world they believe that “that the embryo does not have moral standing until 120 days after conception”,The Ethics of Human Cloning, 2005.But I strongly disagree with this conception because it is that embryo which results a child based on that fundamental entity human is made of, then I would be taken into consideration that embryo potentially possess the life which man got through several processes.

Hinduism

Further in the world of Hinduism cloning is totally opposite to the Hindu laws. “All cloning research violates a fundamental principle of Hinduism: doing no harm to other creatures. Animal cloning experiments, during which a large percentage of the clones die prematurely or have serious birth defects, obviously violate this principle. Human cloning, many experts say, would involve the same failure rate. As a result, most Hindus reject all cloning, including animal cloning”, The Ethics of Human Cloning, 2005.