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This page is about the construction toy. For the company, see Lego Group.
Lego
The LEGO Logo.
TypeConstruction set
Inventor(s)Ole Kirk Christiansen
CompanyLego Group
CountryDenmark
Availability1949–present
Official website

Lego (trademarked in capitals as LEGO) is a line of construction toys manufactured by the Lego Group, a privately held company based in Billund, Denmark. The company's flagship product, the Lego system, consists of colorful interlocking plastic bricks and an accompanying array of gears, minifigures and various other parts. Lego bricks can be assembled and connected in different ways, to construct a wide variety of models. Anything constructed can then be taken apart again, and the pieces used to make other models. The toys were originally designed in the 1940s in Europe and have achieved an international appeal, with an extensive subculture that supports Lego movies, video games, competitions, and four Lego themed amusement parks.

Early history

[edit]
Main article: History of Lego
See also: Lego timeline
Lego bricks

The Lego Group began in the workshop of Ole Kirk Christiansen, a carpenter from Billund, Denmark, who began making wooden toys in 1932. In 1934 his company came to be called Lego. It expanded to producing plastic toys in 1940. In 1949 Lego began producing the now famous interlocking bricks, calling them "Automatic Binding Bricks". These bricks were based largely on the patent[1] of Kiddicraft Self-Locking Bricks, which were released in the United Kingdom in 1947. Lego modified the design of the Kiddicraft brick after examining a sample given to it by the British supplier of an injection-moulding machine that the company had purchased. The bricks, manufactured from cellulose acetate, were a development of traditional stackable wooden blocks that locked together by means of several round studs on top and a hollow rectangular bottom. The blocks snapped together, but not so tightly that they required extraordinary effort to be separated.

The company name Lego was coined by Christiansen from the Danish phrase leg godt, which means "play well". The name could also be interpreted as "I put together" and "I assemble" in Latin, though this would be a somewhat forced application of the general sense "I collect; I gather; I learn"; the word is most used in the derived sense "I read".

The Lego Group's motto is kun det bedste er godt nok which means 'only the best is good enough'. This motto was created by Ole Kirk to encourage his employees never to skimp on quality, a value he believed in strongly. The motto is still used within the company today. The use of plastic for toy manufacture was not highly regarded by retailers and consumers of the time. Many of the Lego Group's shipments were returned after poor sales; it was thought that plastic toys could never replace wooden ones.

By 1954 Christiansen's son Godtfred Kirk Christiansen had become the junior managing director of the Lego Group. It was his conversation with an overseas buyer that struck the idea of a toy system. Godtfred saw the immense potential in Lego bricks to become a system for creative play but the bricks still had some problems from a technical standpoint: their locking ability was limited and they were not very versatile. In 1958 the modern brick design was developed but it took another five years to find the right material for it. The modern Lego brick was patented on January 28, 1958; bricks from that year are still compatible with current bricks.

Design

[edit]
A model of Trafalgar Square, London in Legoland Windsor

Lego pieces of all varieties are part of a universal system. Despite variation in the design and purpose of individual pieces over the years, each remains compatible in some way with existing pieces. Lego bricks from 1958 still interlock with those made in 2010, and Lego sets for young children are compatible with those made for teenagers.

Bricks, beams, axles, gears, mini figures, and all other parts in the Lego system are manufactured to an exacting degree of precision. When snapped together, pieces must have just the right amount of strength and flexibility mixed together to stick together. They must stay together until pulled apart. They cannot be too easily pulled apart, or the resulting constructions would be unstable; they also cannot be too difficult to pull apart, since the disassembly of one creation in order to build another is part of the Lego appeal. In order to have just the right "clutch power", Lego elements are manufactured in moulds made within a tolerance of 2 µm.[2]

Primary concept and development work takes place at the Billund headquarters, where the company employs approximately 120 designers. The company also has smaller design offices in the UK, Spain, Germany, and Japan, which are tasked with developing products aimed specifically at these markets. The average development period for a new product is around twelve months, in three stages. The first stage is to identify market trends and developments, including contact by the designers directly with the market; some are stationed in toy shops close to holiday periods, while others interview children. The second stage is the design and development of the product based upon the results of the first stage. As of September 2008 the design teams use 3D modeling software to generate CAD drawings from initial design sketches. The designs are then prototyped using an in-house stereolithography machine. These are presented to the entire project team for comment and for testing by parents and children during the "validation" process. Designs may then be altered in accordance with the results from the focus groups. Virtual models of completed Lego products are built concurrently with the writing of the user instructions. Completed CAD models are also used in the wider organization, such as for marketing and packaging.[3]

Manufacture

[edit]
A Lego City

Since 1963, Lego pieces have been manufactured from a strong, resilient plastic known as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).[2] As of September 2008, the engineers use the NX CAD/CAM/CAE PLM software suite to model the elements. The software allows the parts to be optimized by way of mold flow and stress analysis. Prototype molds are sometimes built before the design is committed to mass production. The ABS plastic is heated to 232 °C (450 °F) until at a dough-like consistency. It is then injected into the molds at pressures between 25 and 150 tons, and takes approximately 15 seconds to cool. The molds are permitted a tolerance of up to two micrometres, to ensure the bricks remain connected.[3] Human inspectors check the output of the molds, to eliminate significant variations in color or thickness. According to the Lego Group, about eighteen bricks out of every million fail to meet the standard required.[2] Lego factories recycle all but about 1 percent of their plastic waste from the manufacturing process every year. If the plastic cannot be re-used in Lego bricks, it is processed and sold on to industries that can make use of it.[4][5]

Manufacturing of Lego bricks occurs at a number of locations around the world. Molding is done in Billund, Denmark, Nyíregyháza, Hungary and Monterrey, Mexico. Brick decorations and packaging is done at plants in Denmark, Hungary, Mexico and Kladno in the Czech Republic. The Lego Group estimates that in the course of five decades it has produced some 400 billion Lego blocks.[6] Annual production of Lego bricks averages approximately 20 billion (2×1010) per year, or about 600 pieces per second: if all the Lego bricks ever produced were to be divided equally among a world population of six billion, each person would have 62 Lego bricks.[7] According to an article in BusinessWeek in 2006, Lego could be considered the world's No. 1 tire manufacturer; the factory produces about 306 million tiny rubber tires a year.[8]

Today

[edit]
Lego building at NASA's KSC.

Since it began producing plastic bricks, the Lego Group has released thousands of sets with a variety of themes, including town and city, space, robots, pirates, trains, vikings, castle, dinosaurs, undersea exploration, the wild west.

New elements are often released along with new sets. There are also Lego sets designed to appeal to young girls such as the Belville and Clikits lines which consists of small interlocking parts that are meant to encourage creativity and arts and crafts, much like regular Lego bricks. Belville and Clikit pieces can interlock with regular Lego bricks as decorative elements.

While there are sets which can be seen to have a military theme – such as Star Wars, the German and Russian soldiers in the Indiana Jones sets, and Lego Castle – there are no directly military-themed sets in any line. This is following Ole Kirk Christiansen's policy of not wanting to make war seem like child's play.

The Lego range has expanded to encompass accessory motors, gears, lights, sensors, and cameras designed to be used with Lego components. Motors, battery packs, lights and switches are sold under the name Power Functions. The Technic line utilizes newer types of interlocking connections that are still compatible with the older brick type connections. The Technic line can often be motorized with Power Functions.

Bionicle is a line of toys by the Lego Group that is marketed towards those in the 7–16 year-old age range. The line was launched in January 2001 in Europe and June/July 2001 in the United States. The Bionicle idea originated from the earlier toy lines Slizers (also known as Throwbots) and Roboriders. Both of these lines had similar throwing disks and characters based on classical elements. The sets in the Bionicle line have increased in size and flexibility through the years.

The Lego group's Duplo product line, introduced in 1969, is a range of simple blocks which measure twice the width, height and depth of standard Lego blocks, and are aimed at younger children.

'Fabuland' ran from 1979 to 1989. The more advanced 'Lego Technic' was launched in 1984. 'Lego Primo' is a line of blocks by the Lego Group for very young children that ran between 2004 and 2006. In 1995 'Lego Baby' was launched for babies.

One of the largest Lego sets ever commercially produced is a minifig-scaled edition of the Star Wars Millennium Falcon. Designed by Jens Kronvold Fredericksen, it was released in 2007 and has 5,195 pieces. It was surpassed, though, by a 5,922 piece Taj Mahal.[9]

Licensed themes

[edit]

Over the years, Lego has licensed themes from several cartoon and film franchises. These include Star Wars, Batman, SpongeBob SquarePants, Harry Potter, Indiana Jones, Avatar: The Last Airbender, Spider-Man, Ben 10, Toy Story, and Thomas the Tank Engine.

Although some of the licensed themes, such as Lego Star Wars and Lego Indiana Jones, have had highly successful sales, Lego has expressed a desire to rely more upon their own characters and classic themes, and less upon licensed themes related to movie releases.[10]

Robotics sets

[edit]
Main article: Lego Mindstorms

Lego initiated a robotics line of toys called 'Mindstorms' in 1998, and has continued to expand and update this range ever since. The roots of the product originate from a programmable brick developed at the MIT Media Lab, and the name is taken from a paper by Seymour Papert, a computer scientist and educator who developed the educational theory of constructionism, and whose research was at times funded by the Lego Group.

The programmable Lego brick which is at the heart of these robotics sets has undergone several updates and redesigned, with the latest being called the 'NXT' brick, being sold under the brand name of Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0. The set includes sensors that detect touch, light, sound and ultrasonic waves, with several others being sold separately, including an RFID reader.

The intelligent brick can be programmed using official software available for both Windows and Mac computers, and is downloaded onto the brick via Bluetooth. There are also several unofficial programs and compatible programming languages that have been made to work with the brick, and many books have been written to support this community.

There are several robotics competitions which use the Lego robotics sets. The earliest, and likely the largest, is Botball, a national U.S. middle- and high-school competition stemming from the MIT 6.270 Lego robotics tournament. A related competition is FIRST Lego League for elementary and middle schools. The international RoboCup Junior football competition involves extensive use of Lego Mindstorms equipment which is often pushed to its extreme limits.

[edit]

The Lego Group has used the Lego toy system to branch out into a number of other areas.

Video games

[edit]
See also: List of Lego video games

Lego has branched out into the videogames market with a number of titles, including Lego Star Wars: The Video Game, Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy, Bionicle Heroes as well as the Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga and Lego Indiana Jones, a Lego Batman, Lego Battles and the Lego Universe MMOG. Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4 was released in June 2010, and Lego Rock Band was released in the fall[when?] of 2009. Another game announced is Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues including Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and total remakes of the other movie's levels was released in the fall[when?] of 2009. The newest addition to the Lego video games is Lego Star Wars III: The Clone Wars, based on the first and second seasons of The Clone Wars. The game is set for release in 2011.

Lego Digital Designer is an official piece of Lego software for Mac OS X and Windows which allows users to build with Lego bricks on their computers. Users can then publish their creations online on the Lego Factory website, or purchase the physical bricks to build them. Lego Digital Designer includes some Lego products which only exist online, including models for the children's television programs TUGS, Thomas and Friends and Speed Racer.

Official website

[edit]
Main article: Lego.com

The Lego website has developed over the years, and aims to provide many extra services for fans, as well as simply a shop and product catalog. There are moderated message boards, founded in 2001. My Lego Network is a social networking site that has replaced Lego Club pages. It involves items, blueprints, ranks, badges which are earned for completing certain tasks, trading and trophies called masterpieces which the user uses to go to the next rank. The website also has a built in inbox that contains prewritten messages. (This was to avoid cyberbullying.) The website has automated characters within the website called networkers. They are able to do things which normal users can't do, such as sending messages that were not prewritten, selling masterpieces, blueprints and other things of that sort. And last, there are modules which are set up on the user's page to 'grow' certain things, for showing picture compositions or both.

Business consultancy

[edit]
Main article: Lego Serious Play

Since around 2000, the Lego Group has been promoting 'Lego Serious Play', a form of business consultancy fostering creative thinking, in which team members build metaphors of their organizational identities and experiences using Lego bricks. Participants work through imaginary scenarios using visual three-dimensional Lego constructions, imaginatively exploring possibilities in a serious form of play.

Theme parks

[edit]
Lego Imagination Center at the Mall of America, before 2010 remodeling.


Main article: Legoland

Merlin Entertainments operates four Legoland amusement parks, the original in Billund, Denmark, the second in Windsor, England, and the third in Günzburg, Germany; there is also one in Carlsbad, California. On July 13, 2005, the control of 70% of the Legoland parks was sold for $460 million to the Blackstone Group of New York while the remaining 30% is still held by Lego Group. There are also four Legoland Discovery Centers,[11] two in Germany (Duisburg and Berlin), one in Chicago, Illinois, and one in Manchester, UK.[12]

Retail stores

[edit]

Lego operates 44 retail stores (34 in the United States, 4 in the United Kingdom, 5 in Germany, 1 in Canada), including ones at the Downtown Disney shopping complexes at Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resorts as well as in the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota. There is also a franchised Lego store in Abu Dhabi. The opening of each store is celebrated with weekend long event where a Master Model Builder creates, with the help of volunteers most of which are children, a larger than life Lego statue which is then displayed at the new store for several weeks.[13]

As of recently three Lego stores have opened up in the world that encompass a new idea for the Lego retail side called Lego education. At these three stores (which are located in Concord North Carolina, Hanover Maryland, and Berlin Germany) there are separate areas to the side of the store that are used as classrooms where specially trained facilitators teach children ranging from 4–12 years old about numerous different subjects while using Lego product. This is a new concept that is being tested and has only been around for about 8 months.[14]

Children's clothes

[edit]

Since 1993 LEGOwear Clothes have been produced and marketed by a Danish company called Kabooki under license from Lego Group. The clothes are for boys and girls from 0–12 years old and the partnership also ties in with other Lego spin offs such as Bionicle.

Board games

[edit]

Lego Games is a series of Lego-themed board games in which the players build the playing board out of Lego bricks and then play with Lego-style players. Some of the games are Harry Potter Hogwarts, Race 3000, and Creationary. Like many board games, the games utilize dice, however the die is Lego, with Lego squares with symbols on Lego studs on the die. The games vary from simple to complex, some are similar to "traditional" board games, while others are completely different.

Lego has, in the past, intermittently published or licensed a small number of tabletop games which incorporate Lego pieces, such as minifigures, and/or imagery of them[15] and in 2009-2010 launched a range of 18 German-style board games designed by Cephas Howard and Reiner Knizia under the name Lego Games.[16]

Films

[edit]

In the past, Lego has turned down approaches from Hollywood to make a feature-length film based on the toy. However, this stance has since softened. A number of straight-to-DVD computer animated Bionicle and Hero Factory movies have been produced. A movie called LEGO: The Adventures of Clutch Powers was released on DVD in February 2010. This was a completely computer-animated film made by Tinseltown Toons. It is a crossover movie comprising many Lego themes.[17]

It was announced on August 12, 2009, that a live action feature film was in development. The film is said to be an action/adventure-comedy that will combine both live action and animation, and feature Nathan Kress and Richard Donner, Lauren Shuler Donner, Lucy Fisher, Douglas Wick, Joel Silver as the portrayal of the Lego owner.[clarification needed] The film will be made at The Donners' Company, Walden Media, Red Wagon Entertainment, Silver Pictures and Warner Bros. with Dan Lin producing. No release date has been set as of June 2010.[18]

Books

[edit]

Lego has an ongoing deal with publisher Dorling Kindersley (DK), who are producing a series of illustrated hardback books looking at different aspects of the construction toy. The first was The Ultimate Lego book, published in 1999. More recently, in 2009, the same publisher produced The LEGO Book, which was sold within a slipcase along with Standing Small: A celebration of 30 years of the LEGO minifigure, a smaller book focused on the minifigure. In same year, DK also published books on Lego Star Wars (Lego Star Wars: The Visual Dictionary) and a range of Lego-based sticker books.

Although no longer being published in the United States by Scholastic, books covering events in the BIONICLE storyline are written by Greg Farshtey. They are still being published in Europe by AMEET. BIONICLE comics, also written by Farshtey, are compiled into graphic novels and were released by Papercutz.[19] This series ended in 2009, after nine years.

In culture

[edit]

Lego's popularity is demonstrated by its wide representation and usage in many forms of cultural works, including books, films and art works.

Books

[edit]

Several unofficial books have been written about Lego. The Unofficial LEGO Builder's Guide was written by Allan Bedford, targeted at children, with the aim of teaching a variety of building techniques at various scales (including minifigure scale and Legoland 'Miniland' scale), as well as including a small encyclopedia of some of the most common different types of Lego brick available. Lego has also released some official Lego books, such as the Ultimate LEGO Book.[citation needed]

There have also been many different books published about the Lego Mindstorms robotics product, some of which focus on its use as an educational toy within schools.

Films

[edit]

There are a number of short movies or recreations of feature films that have been made using Lego bricks, either using stop motion animation or computer-generated imagery (CGI). Making these is a popular fan-activity, and is supported by community websites such as BrickFilms - these films are often known as Brickfilms[20] Other examples include Batman: Revenge, a 6-minute long fan-made stop-motion film, and the award-winning music video for the song "Fell in Love with a Girl" by The White Stripes, in which director Michel Gondry filmed a live version of the video, digitized the result and then recreated it entirely with Lego bricks.

There have also been four films, made by Lego and Miramax Films, based around the Bionicle line of products: "The Mask of Light", "Legends of Metru Nui", "Web of Shadows" and "The Legend Reborn". These detailed the stories of Takua and Jaller (Mask of Life), The Toa Metru (Legends of Metru Nui, Web of Shadows) and Mata Nui (The Legend Reborn), who were all available as Lego kits at some point.

Art

[edit]

Several artists have used Lego in their work, with the resulting works sometimes being described as 'Lego art' or 'brick art'.[21]

One of the more notorious examples is Polish artist Zbigniew Libera's "Lego Concentration Camp",[22] a collection of mock Lego sets with a concentration camp theme.

The Unofficial LEGO(r) museum called "The Toy and Plastic Brick Museum" was created by Dan Brown in Aug 2007. This unique museum is home to many Artistic LEGO forms including sculptures, buildings, Mosiacs, LEGOLAND unique items, and materials built from the entire LEGO(r) based community. To date the major accomplishment of the Toy and Plastic Brick Museum has been an entry in the 2010 Guinness Book of World Records for "The World's Largest Image Made of Plastic Bricks."[citation needed]

The Little Artists (John Cake and Darren Neave) have created an entire Modern Art collection in Lego form. Their exhibition 'Art Craziest Nation'[23] was shown at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, UK.

Danish artist Jørn Rønnau created a sculpture called The Walker out of 120,000 Lego bricks for the travelling exhibition 'Homo Futurus' at the end of the 1980s. The sculpture later went on display in the Danish pavilion at Expo 2000.[21][24]

Six people, in North America, Europe and Asia, have become Lego Certified Professionals, certified artists that use Lego bricks as their medium. The Lego Group recognizes their efforts and they have the ability to not only use the Lego name and copyrighted logo, but have earned a special, in-depth relationship with the company. They are Robin Sather, Dan Parker, Sean Kenney, Nathan Sawaya, Rene Hoffmeister and Nicholas Foo.[25]

Television

[edit]

Lego was the subject of Episode 5 of the 2009 British TV series James May's Toy Stories, in which presenter James May built a full-sized two-story house from 3.3 million Lego bricks in a vineyard of the Denbies Wine Estate in Dorking, Surrey. The house was later dismantled, as the space was needed for wine-making and the house lacked planning permission, and the bricks were taken to Legoland Windsor for use as part of an annual building event.[26][27]

An episode of The Simpsons, "Hungry, Hungry Homer" involved the Simpsons family going to Blockoland, a parody of Legoland, which is completely made of blocks. Bart buys a T-Shirt made of bricks, accidentally calling it a "Lego shirt" before Marge corrects him.

Online

[edit]

In 2001, Brendan Powell Smith started an online web project to create an illustrated version of the Bible using Lego bricks, called The Brick Testament. The project has grown to cover over 400 stories, with over 4000 images, each of which is a photograph of a hand-built Lego scene. The web project drew international media attention, and has been published as three hardcover books.

The search engine Google paid tribute to the 50th anniversary of the Lego patent by replacing its usual logo on the Google homepage with one made from Lego bricks, along with the Lego figure on one of the letters.[28] Some of the hardware Google's founders had used during their early research was housed in custom-made enclosures constructed from Lego bricks.[29][30]

There are also several online webcomics that feature art illustrated with Lego, such as the Irregular Webcomic!.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Improvements in toy building blocks, patent GB529580 of 1940-11-25 by Harry Fisher Page of [[Kiddicraft]]". espacenet.com. 2010-07-17. Retrieved 2010-07-17. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  2. ^ a b c "Page 18 of the Lego company profile document" (PDF). lego.com. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
  3. ^ a b Frances Corbet (September 2008). "Child's Play". Develop 3D. X3DMedia: 25–27.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  4. ^ "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Lego". Gizmodo.com. 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  5. ^ "How Lego Bricks Work". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
  6. ^ Cendrowicz, Leo (January 28, 2008). "Lego Celebrates 50 Years of Building". Time. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
  7. ^ "Lego Group to outsource major parts of its production to Flextronics". lego.com. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
  8. ^ "The Making of…a LEGO". BusinessWeek.com. 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  9. ^ Meno, George (2008-06-07). "Designing General Grievous". brickjournal.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-14. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
  10. ^ "MINDSTORMStm and Harry Potter will continue" (Press release). Lego Group. 14 January 2004. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  11. ^ "Legoland Discovery Centre". Legolanddiscoverycenter.com. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  12. ^ "The LEGOLAND Discovery Centre, Manchester – an adventure in the making!". Legolanddiscoverycentre.co.uk. 2010-04-19. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  13. ^ "Grown-up lives in LEGO Land". News and Observer. May 24, 2009.
  14. ^ http://stores.lego.com/en-us/Hanover/LandingPage.aspx. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ^ http://www.boardgamegeek.com/boardgamepublisher/734%7Caccessdate=2009-08-24
  16. ^ Gilbert, Brett J. (2009-07-12). "LEGO Board Games: Interview with Cephas Howard". BrettSpiel. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
  17. ^ "LEGO.com LEGO Club : News & Extras". Club.lego.com. 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  18. ^ By (2009-08-11). "Warner builds pic with Lego - Entertainment News, Film News, Media". Variety. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  19. ^ http://www.papercutz.com/bionicle/index.html
  20. ^ "Brickfilms".
  21. ^ a b Lipkowitz, Daniel (2009). The Lego Book. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 190–191. ISBN 9781405341691.
  22. ^ Ken. "RCN". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  23. ^ "Art Craziest Nation". Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  24. ^ "The LEGO Company at EXPO 2000" (Press release). Lego Group. 30 May 2000. Retrieved 11 Jan, 2010. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  25. ^ "About Us - LEGO Company - LEGO Certified Professionals". Lego.com. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  26. ^ Jamie Hibbard (24 September 2009). "Lego house lives". Top Gear website. BBC Worldwide. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  27. ^ "Legacy of the Lego house lives on through annual building event" (PDF) (Press release). Legoland Windsor. 23 September 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
  28. ^ Cendrowicz, Leo (January 28, 2008). "Lego Legacy Continues to be Built". TIME magazine. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
  29. ^ Nowak, Peter (January 28, 2008). "Google owes much to Lego". Tech Bytes. CBC. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  30. ^ "The Original GOOGLE Computer Storage". Stanford University. Retrieved 2010-07-26.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Bagnall, Brian. "Maximum LEGO NXT: Building Robots with Java Brains". Variant Press. 2007. ISBN 0-9738649-1-5
  • Bagnall, Brian. "Core LEGO Mindstorms". Prentice-Hall PTR. 2002. ISBN 0-13-009364-5
  • Bedford, Allan. The Unofficial LEGO Builder's Guide. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2005. ISBN 1-59327-054-2.
  • Clague, Kevin, Miguel Agullo, and Lars C. Hassing. LEGO Software Power Tools, With LDraw, MLCad, and LPub. 2003. ISBN 1-931836-76-0
  • Courtney, Tim, Ahui Herrera and Steve Bliss. Virtual LEGO: The Official LDraw.org Guide to LDraw Tools for Windows. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2003. ISBN 1-886411-94-8.
  • McKee, Jacob H. Getting Started with LEGO Trains. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2003. ISBN 1-59327-006-2.
  • Ferrari, Mario, Giulio Ferrari, and Ralph Hempel. Building Robots With LEGO Mindstorms: The Ultimate Tool for Mindstorms Maniacs. 2001. ISBN 1-928994-67-9.
  • Kristiansen, Kjeld Kirk, foreword. The Ultimate LEGO Book. New York: DK Publishing Book, 1999. ISBN 0-7894-4691-X.
  • Wiencek, Henry. The World of LEGO Toys. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-8109-2362-9.
  • Pilegaard, Ulrik, and Dooley, Mike. "Forbidden LEGO". San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2007. ISBN 1-59327-137-9
  • Willicense, Fransisco. "The LEGO Incorporation: How LEGO Started" ISBN 0-18361-46372
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