User:Krutoi dezigner/sandbox
Agriculture and biotechnology[edit] | |
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[1][2] 1814. By Petro Prokopovych |
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[3][4] 1881–88. The credit is due to Fyodor Blinov. The first steam-powered tractor on continuous tracks. |
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[5] 1924–28. Raphanobrassica. The credit is due to Georgy Karpechenko. Rabbage (or Raphanobrassica), was the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding, which was an important step in biotechnology. |
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[6][7] 1868. By Andrei Famintsyn |
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[8] 1951–54. The credit is due to (Терентий Мальцев) Terenty Maltsev. A method of loosening the soil with implements which do not turn over a furrow; it is used during primary deep and shallow fall soil cultivation, during the cultivation of fallow lands, and during preplanting preparation of the soil in the spring. |
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[9] A type of ard (plough) |
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[10][11] 1829–30s. By (Даниил Бокарев) Daniil Bokarev |
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The credit is due to Sergei Vinogradsky. The Vinogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s by Sergei Vinogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper (containing cellulose), blackened marshmallows or egg-shells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. Incubating the column in sunlight for months results in an aerobic/anaerobic gradient as well as a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of different microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa, as well as many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae. |
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 Rabbage, the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding |
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The draft of Fyodor Blinov's 1888 tractor
Arts and music[edit] | |
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The credit is due to Vasily Kandinsky |
Pure abstract art |
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[12] 1937–58. By Yevgeny Murzin |
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Constructivism (art) was an artistic and architectural philosophy, which was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes. |
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1931. Rhythmicon. The credit is due to Lev Termen |
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[15] The credit is due to Lev Kuleshov. |
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[16][17] 1801. By Yegor Kuznetsov |
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[18] 1916–24. By Vladimir Baranov-Rossine |
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Socialist realism is a style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other socialist countries. |
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1911–16. By Konstantin Stanislavsky. The Stanislavsky's system is a progression of techniques used to train actors to draw believable emotions to their performances. The method that was originally created and used by Konstantin Stanislavsky from 1911 to 1916 was based on the concept of emotional memory for which an actor focuses internally to portray a character's emotions onstage. |
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1918–20. By Lev Termen. Theremin is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist (performer). |
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[19] 1937. Worker and Kolkhoz Woman. Welded sculpture is an artform in which sculpture is made using welding techniques. The first such sculpture was the famous Rabochiy i Kolkhoznitsa by Vera Mukhina. Initially it was placed atop the Soviet pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris. The choice of welding method was explained by a giant size of the sculpture, and also was intended to demonstrate the innovative Soviet technologies. |
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[14][20] 1837. By Semyon Bronnikov |
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Welded sculpture
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Chemistry and metallurgy[edit] | |
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[21] 1859–65. The credit is due to Nikolai Beketov |
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1989–91. |
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1838. Modern rediscovery. By (Павел Аносов) Pavel Anosov |
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1900. The credit is due to Mikhail Tsvet |
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[22] 1902. The credit is due to Aleksandr Loran. Fire fighting foam is a foam used for fire suppression. Its role is to cool the fire and to coat the fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of the combustion. Fire fighting foam was invented by the Russian engineer and chemist Aleksandr Loran in 1902. He was a teacher in a school in Baku, which was the main center of the Russian oil industry at that time. Impressed by the terrible and hardly extinguishable oil fires that he had seen there, Loran tried to find such a liquid substance that could deal effectively with the problem, and so he invented his fire fighting foam. |
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[23] 1831. The credit is due to (Павел Аносов) Pavel Anosov |
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1869. By Dmitry Mendeleyev. The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their properties. Elements are presented in increasing atomic number. Using the table, Mendeleyev predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered. |
Current periodic table |
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[24] By Pyotr Sobolevsky and Vasily Lyubarsky, simultaneously with William Wollaston |
Modern powder metallurgy |
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[25][26] 1913. The credit is due to Grigory Petrov. The Petrov contact liquor is a surface-active agent (detergent) consisting of a mixture of naphthene sulfonic acids and alkyl-aryl sulfonic acids. Widely used around the world under various marketing brands. |
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[27][28] 1910. The first commercially viable form of production. The credit is due to Sergei Lebedev. Due to his discoveries, the Soviet Union became the first country to achieve a substantial industrial production of the material in the late 1930s. |
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By Aleksandr Butlerov, one of the principal creators of the theory of chemical structure, the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulas. The theory stated that the chemical compounds are not a random cluster of atoms and functional groups but structures with definite order formed according the valency of the composing atoms. |
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The credit is due to Igor Gorynin |
Weldable titanium alloys |
Communications[edit] | |
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[29][30] 1907–11. The credit is due to Boris Rozing and Vladimir Zvorykin. In 1911, they created a television system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit still images over wires to the cathode ray tube in the receiver. It was one of the first experimental demonstrations where the cathode ray tube was employed for the purposes of television. |
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[31][32] 1923. By Oleg Losev. In the early 1920s, Oleg Losev was experimenting with applying voltage biases to various kinds of crystals for manufacture of radio detectors. With a zinc oxide crystal he gained amplification. This was negative resistance phenomenon, decades before the tunnel diode. He then built regenerative and superheterodyne receivers, and even transmitters. However, this discovery was not supported by authorities and only a few examples for research was produced. |
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1925. The credit is due to Lev Termen. Interlaced video is a technique of doubling the perceived frame rate introduced with the composite video signal used with analog television without consuming extra bandwidth. In the domain of television, it was first demonstrated by Leon Theremin in 1925 starting with 16 lines resolution and eventually 64 in 1926. |
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[33] 1794. By Ivan Kulibin. In 1794, Ivan Kulibin created a semaphore that employed his earlier invention, searchlight, as means of sending messages. This allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations. |
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[34][35] 1958. By Leonid Kupriyanovich |
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[34][36] 1957. By Leonid Kupriyanovich |
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[37] 7 May 1895. The first practical device. The credit is due to Aleksandr Popov |
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By Lev Termen. The Thing was one of the first "bugs" to use passive techniques to transmit an audio signal. Because it was energized and activated by electromagnetic energy from an outside source, it is considered a predecessor of RFID technology. |
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| Kupriyanovich's 1958 mobile phone. More info (in Russian) |
Computing and information technology[edit] | |
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1999. The credit is due to Igor Pavlov |
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1967. By (Михаил Карцев) Mikhail Kartsev |
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[38] By Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich, independently from William Eccles & Frank Jordan |
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1880. By Bruno Abakanowicz, independently from Charles Boys |
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1832. The first application in informatics. The credit is due to Semyon Korsakov. Korsakov announced his new method and machines in September 1832, and rather than seeking patents offered the machines for public use. |
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2009. Chatroulette. The credit is due to Andrei Ternovsky |
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1993. The credit is due to Yevgeny Roshal |
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The Russian abacus or schyoty (literally "counts") is a decimal type of abacus that has a single slanted deck in a unique vertical layout, with ten beads on each wire (except one wire which has four beads, for quarter-ruble fractions, that is usually near the user). It was developed in Russia since the late 16th century, at the time when abacus already was falling out of use in the Western Europe. However, the decimality of the Russian abacus (explained by Russian ruble's being the world's first decimal currency) and its simplicity (compared to the previous European and Asian versions) led to the wide use of this device in Russia well until the advent of electronic calculators in the late 20th century. |
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1962. AVL tree. The credit is due to Yevgeny Landis and Georgy Adelson-Velsky |
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1956–59. Setun. The credit is due to Sergei Sobolev and Nikolai Brusentsov |
Modern ternary computer |
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Was proposed in 1997 by Aleksei Kitayev |
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1946–56. The credit is due to Genrikh Altshuller |
Energy[edit] | |
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[39] 1932. The credit is due to (Алексей Бахмутский) Aleksei Bakhmutsky |
Cutting-loading machine – Coal cutter-loader |
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1969. Severnoye Siyaniye barge. The credit is due to (Николай Кухто) Nikolai Kukhto |
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[40] 1926. Ramzin boiler. The credit is due to Leonid Ramzin |
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[41] 1970s?. The credit is due to Aleksandr Kalina |
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[42] 1958. The credit is due to Aleksandr Klimenko |
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1888–91. The cell based on the outer photoelectric effect. The credit is due to Aleksandr Stoletov |
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[43] 1888. The synthesis through electrolysis. The credit is due to Dmitry Lachinov |
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[42] 1934–39. The credit is due to Pyotr Kapitsa |
Current turboexpander |
Oil and gas[edit] | |
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1878–83. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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[44] 1914. The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhvinsky |
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[45] 1846. By Nikolai Voskoboinikov and Vasily Semyonov |
Modern oil well |
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Was proposed in 1863 by Dmitry Mendeleyev |
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1891. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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[46][47] 1922. The credit is due to Matvei Kapelyushnikov |
Nuclear energy[edit] | |
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[48] International cooperation |
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Mass-produced |
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Everyday life[edit] | |
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[49] 1876. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov |
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1372. The first written Uralic language (after Hungarian) |
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1704. The Russian ruble |
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1878. Yablochkov candle. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov |
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[Note 2][51] 1927. By Oleg Losev |
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[52] 1802. The credit is due to Osip Krichevsky |
Modern powdered milk |
Housing[edit] | |
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Water-based central heating | |
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1795. By Nikolai Lvov |
Early HVAC system |
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[Note 3][53] 1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk |
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[55] 1795. By Ivan Kulibin |
Architecture[edit] |
Forms and structural engineering[edit] | |
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The bochka roof or simply bochka is the type of roof in the traditional Russian architecture that has a form of half-cylinder with elevated and sharpened upper part, resembling the sharpened kokoshnik. Typically made of wood, bochka roof was extensively used both in the church and civilian architecture in the 17th-18th centuries. Later it was sometimes used in the Russian Revival style buildings. |
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1896. Shukhov Rotunda. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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1896. Shukhov tower in Polibino. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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[56] The kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional Russian architecture, a type of corbel blind arch. The name was inspired by the traditional Russian women's head-dress. Kokoshniks were used in the Russian church architecture in the 16th century, while in the 17th century their popularity reached the highest point. Kokoshniks were placed on walls, at the basement of tented roofs or tholobates, or over the window frames, or in rows above the vaults. |
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[57] The multidomed church is a typical form of Russian church architecture, which distinguishes Russia from other Orthodox nations and Christian denominations. Indeed, the earliest Russian churches, built just after the Christianization of Kievan Rus', were multi-domed, which led some historians to speculate what Russian pre-Christian pagan temples might have looked like. Namely, these early churches were 13-domed wooden Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (989) and 25-domed stone Desyatinnaya Church in Kiev (989-996). The number of domes typically has a symbolical meaning in Russian architecture, for example 13 domes symbolize Christ with 12 Apostles, while 25 domes mean the same with additional 12 Prophets from the Old Testament. Multiple domes of Russian churches were often made of wood and were comparatively smaller than the Byzantine domes. |
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1164. Dobrila Evangeliary. The earliest depiction. The onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion, after which they are named. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the drum upon which they are set, and their height usually exceeds their width. The whole bulbous structure tapers smoothly to a point. The so-called onion dome is the dominant form for church domes in Russia, and though the earliest preserved Russian domes of such type date from the 16th century, the illustrations of the old chronicles indicate that they were used since the late 13th century. |
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The tented roof masonry was a technique widely used in the Russian architecture in the 16th-17th centuries. Before that time tented roofs (conical, or actually polygonal roofs) were made of wood and used in the wooden churches. These hipped roofs are thought to have originated in the Russian North, as they prevented snow from piling up on wooden buildings during long winters. Wooden tents also were used to cover towers in kremlins, or even applied in some common buildings, like it was in Western Europe, but the thin, pointed, nearly conical roofs of the similar shape made of brick or stone became a unique form in Russian church architecture. Some scholars, however, argue that hipped roofs have something in common with European Gothic spires, and even tend to call this style 'Russian Gothic'. The Ascension church of Kolomenskoye, built in 1532 to commemorate the birth of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV, is often considered the first tented roof church, but recent studies show that the earliest use of the stone tented roof was in the Trinity Church in Aleksandrov, built in 1510s. |
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[53] 1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. A rebar or reinforcing bar is a common metal bar (typically made of steel), used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. Rebars were known in construction well before the era of the modern reinforced concrete, since some 150 years before its invention rebars were used to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, which was built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfy Demidov. The purpose of such construction is one of the many mysteries of the tower. The cast iron used for rebars was of very high quality, and there is no corrosion on them up to this day. |
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All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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A zvonnitsa is a large rectangular structure containing multiple archs or beams that carry bells, where bell ringers stand on its basement level and perform the ringing using long ropes, like playing on a kind of giant musical instrument. It was an alternative to bell tower in the medieval architecture of Russia and some Eastern European countries. Zvonnitsa appeared in Russia in the 14th century and was widely used until the 17th century. Sometimes it was mounted right atop the church building, resulting in the special type of church called pod zvonom ("under ringing") or izhe pod kolokoly ("under bells"). The most famous example of such kind of a church is the Church of St. Ivan of the Ladder adjacent to Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin. |
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Mechanical engineering[edit] | |
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[60] 1832. The credit is due to Aleksandr Sablukov |
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[61] 1811. The credit is due to (Иван Неведомский) Ivan Nevedomsky |
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1718. The credit is due to Andrei Nartov |
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Welding: | |
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[62] 1905. The credit is due to (Владимир Миткевич) Vladimir Mitkevich |
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Manual metal arc
Physics[edit] | |
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By Gersh Budker (co-inventor) |
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The credit is due to Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov |
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1962. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zababakhin, K. V. Volkov, Vyacheslav Danilenko, V. I. Yelina |
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1802. By Vasily Petrov |
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1966. The credit is due to Gersh Budker |
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[69] 1944. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zavoisky |
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By Zhores Alfyorov (co-developer) |
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[70] 1950. The credit is due to Andrei Tikhonov |
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1944. The credit is due to Vladimir Veksler |
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By Yevgeny Zavoisky (co-developer) |
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The credit is due to Aleksandr Makarov |
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[72] 1930–34. By Leonid Kubetsky |
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[73] 1939. By Nikolai Devyatkov |
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2001. |
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By Vladimir Veksler (co-inventor) |
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Printing[edit] | |
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[74] 1866–67. The credit is due to (Пётр Княгининский) Pyotr Knyagininsky |
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[75][76] 1869. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov |
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[Note 6][77] 1890. The credit is due to (Иван Орлов) Ivan Orlov |
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[additional citation(s) needed][78] By (Иван Орлов) Ivan Orlov |
Iris printing (rainbow printing) |
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[79] 1870s. The credit is due to (Иосиф Ливчак) Iosif Livchak |
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[76] 1870. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov |
Recording[edit] | |
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[80] 1962. The credit is due to Yury Denisyuk |
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1926, 1927. The credit is due to (Павел Тагер) Pavel Tager and (Александр Шорин) Aleksandr Shorin |
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The credit is due to Lev Termen |
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[81] 1925. The credit is due to Sergei Rzhevkin |
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[82] 1933. The credit is due to Fyodor Leontovich |
Photography[edit] | |
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[83] 1840. The credit is due to Aleksei Grekov |
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[84] 1882. The credit is due to Sigizmund Yurkovsky |
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1891. 1939. The credit is due to (Яков Наркевич-Иодко) Yakov Narkevich-Iodko and Semyon Kirlian |
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[85] 1852. The credit is due to (Иван Александровский) Ivan Aleksandrovsky |
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By Vyacheslav Sreznevsky (a prolific inventor in the field of photography): [86][87] | |
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1882 |
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1886 |
Aerial camera and photographic plates |
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1887 |
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Stereo camera, another Russian invention
Space exploration[edit] |
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The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov |
Night vision telescope |
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Published in 1827. By Mikhail Lomonosov |
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1959, 1895 |
Proposed by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Yury Artsutanov |
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1903 |
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1916 |
The credit is due to Yury Kondratyuk |
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1959, 1919 |
Proposal, first application |
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1930 |
By Pavel Molchanov, independently from Robert Bureau |
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1931 |
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1941 |
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1951, 1947 |
The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky |
Modern multistage rocket |
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1963, 1949 |
Proposal, first application |
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The credit is due to Gavriil Tikhov |
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[citation needed] First application |
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Multinational cooperation |
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2015 |
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See also
[edit]- List of Russian artists
- List of Russian philosophers
- List of Russian inventors
- Timeline of largest projects in the Russian economy
- Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
Notes
[edit]- ^ The Soviet MIR had the most functions among all early precursors of a modern personal computer. It was created for use in engineering and scientific applications, employed a user-friendly interface and was capable of a high-level programming language.
- ^ No application was found at the time of the invention.
- ^ The first lightning conductor in the modern era might have been used intentionally in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. However, it remains unknown if it was created as a grounding measure.
- ^ Automatic arc welding was developed and implemented almost simultaneously in Russia, USA and Germany. Some of the Russian contributions to the process include creation of a method of automatic submerged arc welding and equipment for rapid automatic arc welding.
- ^ a b Not realized due to immaturity of technology at the time of the invention.
- ^ Orlov printing: distinct color edges without disruptions or displacements. Iris printing: smooth transition of colors.
References
[edit]- ^ "Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850)". Beekeeping in Ukraine. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ Демиденко, Надія (2009). "Життєвий і творчий шлях П. І. Прокоповича (1775–1850) – патріарха вітчизняної бджільницької науки" (PDF). Історія науки і біографістика (2009–2). Національна академія аграрних наук України.
- ^ Деревянченко, Анатолий; Чулков, Алексей (1990). Волжский самородок: Страницы жизни Ф. А. Блинова. Их имена в истории края. Саратов: Приволжское книжное издательство.
- ^ Стародубцев, В. М.; Шаповалов, Ю. С. "Первый Российский гусеничный трактор Ф. А. Блинова". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ Griffiths, Anthony; Gelbart, William; Miller, Jeffrey; Lewontin, Richard (1999). "Chapter 8. Chromosome Mutations". Modern Genetic Analysis. EU: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group: USA: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3118-5.
- ^ GSE: "Plant Cultivation Under Artificial Illumination".
- ^ Сенченкова, Е. М. (1960). "Андрей Сергеевич Фаминцын (К 40-летию со дня смерти)". Ботанический журнал. 45 (2). Л.: Наука. ISSN 0006-8136.
- ^ GSE: "Nonmoldboard Soil Cultivation".
- ^ (in Russian) http://bibliotekar.ru/rusNovgorod/86.htm
- ^ Кряженков, Анатолий (2003). "Сметливые на все руки". Подъём. No. 2003–6.
- ^ Кондратьева, И., ed. (1994). "Алексеевка". Города России: энциклопедия. М.: Большая российская энциклопедия. pp. 17–18. ISBN 5-85270-026-6.
- ^ Kreichi, Stanislav (10 November 1997). "The ANS Synthesizer: Composing on a Photoelectronic Instrument". Theremin Center. Retrieved 13 December 2005.
- ^ Фёдорова, Наталья (2008). "Традиции народного искусства Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа". Наше Наследие. No. 87.
- ^ a b Crom, Theodore (December 2001). "The Bronnikov Dynasty" (PDF). NAWCC bulletin. Vol. 43, no. 335. USA: National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors. pp. 746–754. ISSN 1527-1609.
- ^ (in English) http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0474487/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm
- ^ ББЭ: «Кузнецов, Егор Григорьевич».
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