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Balduina uniflora
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| Balduina uniflora | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Balduina |
| Species: | B. uniflora |
| Binomial name | |
| Balduina uniflora | |
| Synonyms | |
Balduina uniflora (commonly called oneflower honeycombhead[,[1][2]] [savannah honeycombhead[3] or oneflower balduina[4]] ) is a North American species of plants in the sunflower family. [It is the type species of Genus Balduina.[5]] It is native to the southeastern United States (Louisiana, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina).
Balduina uniflora is a perennial herb with branching stems. Each plant has 1-4 flower heads, each with [8-22] yellow ray florets and [50-180]orange or yellow disc florets[5]. The species grows in [wet[3]] pinelands and savannahs[, wetland areas and on the edges of bogs[5][2] and tends to occur in wet drainage ditches and on roadsides].
[write out genus names at start of sentence (resolved)]Balduina uniflora is a perennial herbaceous plant and can grow to be 0.4 to 1 meter tall.[5][1] It has fibrous roots and erect stems, and the stems are ribbed.[3] Stems also tend to be branched, except for those that bear flower heads.[5][check placement of references - inside or outside of period, and change to whichever is correct. (R)] Leaves, stems, involucres, and peduncles are green and pubescent, except for the bottoms of leaves which may be glabrous or with only sparse hair.[6] Leaves are alternate and tend to be clustered at the base of the plant, getting smaller and more sparse as they [wrong word (R)]reach the apex.[6] The plant gets its name from characteristic honeycomb-like bract structures (chaff[7]) most visible at fruit maturity.[5]
Like other members of family Asteraceae, the "flowers" of this species are actually inflorescences called flower heads, composed of hundreds of individual flowers [wording is confusing - are the individual flowers called flower heads or is the whole collection of flowers? (R)].[8] The inflorescence has many bracts at its base forming a green bell-shaped or hemispheric incolucre.[7] The yellow petal-like ray florets are sterile and tend to have 3-5 lobes at the edge.[7] The more central disc florets are perfect, containing several arrow-shaped stamen as well as a pistil made up of two ovaries[5]. Each pistil has a yellow[6] two-branched style which extends out of the floret.[5]
Also like others in the Asteraceae family, B. uniflora [fix italics errors throughout (R)]bears achene-like cypselae: dry, indehiscent fruits with a single seed that develops from the two carpals of the flower.[6][8] This fruit is generally 1.3-2.2mm in length.[6]
This species differs from others in the genus Balduina by its [pronoun-antecedent agreement(R)] wider corolla rays,[5] larger pollen grains,[5] and by having having chromosome arrangement of n=36 rather than n=18 in other species.[5]
[write out genus names at start of sentence (R)] Balduina uniflora is not generally a commercially available species, but may be grown from seeds for ornamental purposes in native wildflower gardens.[3] The species prefers wet and boggy soils as well as high levels of sunlight.[3]
A 1975 study of Balduina conducted by Earl S. Parker and Samuel B. Jones[5] found a chromosomal arrangement of n=36 in B. uniflora collected across 16 different areas, which differed from the n=18 arrangement of the other two species in the Balduina genus, leading to the theory that the species is a widespread polyploid[5]. No assumptions as to whether this chromosomal arrangement was allopolyploid or autopolyploid in origin were made.[5][what is the chromosome number in the other two species? If 18, then the logic for this species being polyploid makes sense; if some other number, logic is less evident.(R)]
B. uniflora is currently not listed by the IUCN Red List.[9]
This species is listed by the NatureServe organization as "Apparently Secure (S4)" nationwide,[4] but as "Vulnerable (S3)" and "Imperiled (S2)" in North and South Carolina, respectively.[4]
This species is not known to be invasive in any U.S. State.[2]
- ^ a b "Plants of Louisiana". warcapps.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
- ^ a b c "Plants Profile for Balduina uniflora (oneflower honeycombhead)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
- ^ a b c d e "Balduina uniflora - Species Page - APA: Alabama Plant Atlas". floraofalabama.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
- ^ a b c "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Parker, Earl S.; Jones, Samuel B. (1975). "A Systematic Study of the Genus Balduina (Compositae, Heliantheae)". Brittonia. 27 (4): 355. doi:10.2307/2805514. ISSN 0007-196X.
- ^ a b c d e "Balduina uniflora - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
- ^ a b c Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie (2010). Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-9884-8. OCLC 951808313.
- ^ a b "Asteraceae | plant family". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
- ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2020-04-03.