User:KonstantinosPPP/sandbox
K-Hole
[edit]K-Hole is the feeling of getting a high enough dose of ketamine to experience a state of dissociation. This intense detachment from reality is often a consequence of accidental overconsumption of ketamine, however, some users consciously seek out the k-hole as they find the powerful dissociative effects to be quite pleasurable and enlightening. Regardless of the subjective experiences of k-holing, there are many psychological and physical risks associated with such high levels of ketamine consumption.[1]
Recreational usage
[edit]Ketamine is an NMDA-receptor-antagonist, developed in the 1960s to induce anesthesia in patients but recreational users have found great appeal in its antidepressant, dissociative and hallucinatory effects that are characteristic of the K-Hole experience. [2] Whereas the common recreational dose of ketamine is roughly 30-75 mg, a dose of more than 150 mg is required to enter the k-hole.[3] The k-hole, or “k-holing”, can produce intense psychological effects, such as hallucinations, and physical effects, such as uncoordinated movement or dizziness. Often likened to a “near-death” experience, entering the k-hole can inhibit movement and speech, and even produce paranoia and violent agitation.[4]
Experiences
[edit]The experience of K-Hole varies greatly for each individual. The intensity and length are influenced by the users' current mental state, previous experience and drug dosage.[5] Ketamine induces dose-related effects that include distortion of time and space, hallucinations and mild dissociative effects. During K-Hole, users experience an enhanced detachment from the environment, resulting in an inability to respond to surroundings and move their bodies functionally.[6] During these states, perception seems to lie deep within consciousness so that reality on the 'outside' world appears to reside in the distance. A high number of recreational users report that the most appealing effects of this experience are ‘melting into surroundings’, ‘visual hallucinations’, ‘out of body experience’ and ‘giggliness’. [2] By contrast, the least frequent and most negative effects include near-death experiences, astral travel and alien phenomena.[5] Physical health problems, like the so called 'K-cramps' and gastric pain, and unappealing mental side-effects, like 'memory loss' and 'decreased sociability' are also reported post K-Hole.[2]
Despite it's addictive risks, ketamine is considered by many to be 'harmless' and thus a 'drug of choice'.[5] Recreational users seem to be in discord about the K-Hole. Many individuals describe it as a fascinating life-changing experience and a spiritual journey resulting in some form of enlightenment. They state that this experience provided clairvoyance and assisted them to get through mental disorders like depression and social anxiety.[7] About half of the recreational users describe the K-Hole as a positive experience, as it provides 'a short escape from their daily problems'.[5] Other users emphasize the danger of having a near-death experiences.[8] Even though some people seem to enjoy and actively look for the K-Hole, for many it is still an unwanted side effect of an overdose of ketamine.[5] They describe the K-Hole as a "bad LSD trip".[9]
Risks
[edit]While many ketamine-users may find the dissociative effects of falling into a k-hole to be pleasurable, coming out of this state of dissociation turns out to be rather difficult. As a result, individuals find themselves in an on-going state of disconnection from the world and from life. Short-term risks of "k-holing" include the feeling of nausea and/or vomiting, increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure, as well as the loss of coordination.[4] Frequent K-Hole experiences can also result to episodic and semantic memory impairments.[10] Depending on how long this state lasts, hallucinations and symptoms of psychosis can develop.[11] The K-Hole experience can produce physical risks. For instance, bladder damage can be an indication for ketamine-induced (ulcerative) interstitial cystitis.[12][13] Cardiac issues as well as seizures belong to the long-term effects as well.[4]
Implications in society
[edit]The K-hole`s ability to severely impair an individuals ability to move or communicate has widespread implications in society. Ketamine is considered in the class of "date rape" drugs because it is odorless, tasteless, and can easily be slipped into food/drinks - or even rolled into cigarettes - without the awareness of the consumer.[14] For this reason, K-hole is often used to facilitate sexual assault. The loss of consciousness and impaired memory that results from the K-hole makes ketamine a date-rape drug of choice as many victims do not remember the assault the next day.[15] The consequences of this include increasingly unreliable statistics about sexual assault rates despite increasing instances of rape.[16] This also contributes to the large percentage of unreported instances of sexual violence and unconnected rapists.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ Wood, Dan; Cottrell, Angela; Baker, Simon C.; Southgate, Jennifer; Harris, Maya; Fulford, Simon; Woodhouse, Christopher; Gillatt, David (2011-06). "Recreational ketamine: from pleasure to pain: RECREATIONAL KETAMINE". BJU International. 107 (12): 1881–1884. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.10031.x.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Muetzelfeldt, L.; Kamboj, S. K.; Rees, H.; Taylor, J.; Morgan, C. J. A.; Curran, H. V. (2008-06-01). "Journey through the K-hole: Phenomenological aspects of ketamine use". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 95 (3): 219–229. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.024. ISSN 0376-8716.
- ^ "Ketamine". Bristol Drug Project. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
- ^ a b c "K-Hole: What It Feels Like, Safety, and More". Healthline. 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
- ^ a b c d e Stirling, John; McCoy, Lauren (2010-12). "Quantifying the psychological effects of ketamine: from euphoria to the k-Hole". Substance Use & Misuse. 45 (14): 2428–2443. doi:10.3109/10826081003793912. ISSN 1532-2491. PMID 21039109.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Rosenbaum, Steven B.; Gupta, Vikas; Palacios, Jorge L. (2022), "Ketamine", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29262083, retrieved 2022-05-17
- ^ "We Asked People About the K-Holes That Changed Their Lives". www.vice.com. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
- ^ Santos-Longhurst, A. (2019, October 9). "What is a K-Hole, Exactly?". Healthline Medical Network.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Keller, A. (2020, February 27). "K-Hole". DrugRehab.com.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Curran, H V; Monaghan, L (2001-05-01). "In and out of the K-hole: a comparison of the acute and residual effects of ketamine in frequent and infrequent ketamine users". Addiction (Abingdon, England). 96 (5): 749–760. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96574910.x. ISSN 1360-0443. PMID 11331033.
- ^ Zuccoli, M. L.; Muscella, A.; Fucile, C.; Carrozzino, R.; Mattioli, F.; Martelli, A.; Orengo, S. (2014-08). "Paliperidone for the Treatment of Ketamine-Induced Psychosis: A Case Report". The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 48 (2): 103–108. doi:10.2190/PM.48.2.c. ISSN 0091-2174.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "British Library". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
- ^ Morgan, Celia J. A.; Curran, H. Valerie; Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (2012-01). "Ketamine use: a review". Addiction (Abingdon, England). 107 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x. ISSN 1360-0443. PMID 21777321.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "The Dangers Of Abusing Ketamine - Falling Into The K-Hole". 2015-06-16. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
- ^ "What to know about ketamine, a common date rape drug". Gov1. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
- ^ says, Richard Heffernan (2018-12-19). "All about 'date rape' drugs". Scienceline. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
- ^ "Date Rape Drug Detection: Date Rape Statistics". Drink Safe Technologies. Retrieved 2022-05-19.