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Les Scouts de Djibouti

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Article(s): Les Scouts de Djibouti

Request: -- Chris 07:02, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Graphist opinion:

Scouting in Turkmenistan

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Article(s): Scouting in Turkmenistan

Request: -- Chris 07:02, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Graphist opinion:

Rover Scouts

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http://badenpowellscoutsireland.com/roverscoutintro.htm

http://www.warovers.com.au/badges/bpsa/method-a/ramblers-badge/ Rambler's Badge Rover Scouts officially began in September 1918 after Scouts returning from the war dropped the name Senior Scout and changed it to Rover Scout.

Rover Scouting is the final stage in the system of training in the principles and practice of citizenship in which Beavering, Wolf Cubbing, Scouting and Senior Scouting each in turn plays its part; all five sections share the common aim-the development of good citizenship on the basis of the Scout Promise and the Scout Law.

While the training methods of the sections vary to suit the needs of youngsters within them, each forms a part of the logical whole, progressively leading to the next.

Children are encouraged to join Beavers at the age of 5 and work their way through Cubs, Scouts and Seniors and become a Rover Scout at the age of 18. Then, in the Rover Crew, they will be helped to train themselves, in body, mind and spirit, for their place as a responsible member of the community.

-The Rover motto is: "Service"

And as such the main aim of the Rover Section is to serve the Scout Group and local community.

Before being invested as Rover Scout you have to spend time as a Rover Squire. After being invested the training scheme comprises of the following:

Scoutcraft Star Service Training Star Rambler's Badge Project Badge Rover Instructor Badge The B-P Award

Rovers can also continue working towards their President Award, until they are 25.

Scout history by state

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rename as per Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scouting/RulesStandards, for merger and improvement of articles

merge as per Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scouting/RulesStandards. Our intent is not to delete anyone's work or to minimize the importance of any article that already exists on the Wikipedia. Instead our goal is to tighten the information, to make it more relevant and useful for the general Wikipedian. This article will be absorbed in its entirety to the larger state Scouting article. The newer article will encompass OA lodges, Councils, early nonBSA Scouting organizations like Campfire or Woodcraft, Girl Scouting where applicable, and other ideas as they come up. Chris 21:59, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Our intent is not to delete anyone's work or to minimize the importance of any article that already exists on the Wikipedia. Instead our goal is to tighten the information, to make it more relevant and useful for the general Wikipedian. This article will be absorbed in its entirety to the larger state Scouting article. The newer article will encompass OA lodges, Councils, early nonBSA Scouting organizations, Girl Scouting where applicable, and other ideas as they come up.

♀Takaeda Megumi 竹田 恵 August 3, 1977-February 12, 2006♀

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My Wife was the most brilliant, beautiful and funny lady ever, a gun nut, a model train buff, a makeup artist and blew through thousands of rounds of ammunition a month. She had a PhD from Tōdai in Tokyo, and an ScD from Technische Universität Berlin, spoke or read 22 languages, and I wanted our future children to benefit from her brains and ease of knowledge. She was also an ailurophile (cat lover) and converted me to the church of Catism. ;) Think of us like Barney and Betty Rubble from the Flintstones, a tall, gorgeous brunette and a guy in a loincloth. She is still with me and we will be together again. She would want me to continue on the Wikipedia even though most days it frustrates the piss out of me.

sm Art

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Smoking has been accepted into culture, in various art forms, and has developed many distinct, and often conflicting or mutually exclusive, meanings depending on time, place and the practitioners of smoking. Pipe smoking, until recently one of the most common forms of smoking, is today often associated with solemn contemplation, old age and is often considered quaint and archaic. Cigarette smoking, which did not begin to become widespread until the late 19th century, has more associations of modernity and the faster pace of the industrialized world. Cigars have been, and still are, associated with masculinity, power and are an iconic image associated with the stereotypical capitalist. Smoking in public has for a long time been something reserved for men, and when done by women, has been associated with promiscuity. In Japan during the Edo period, prostitutes and their clients would often approach one another under the guise of offering a smoke and the same was true for 19th century Europe.[31]

Art

An Apothecary Smoking in an Interior by Adriaen van Ostade, oil on panel, 1646.

Among the earliest depictions of smoking can be found on Classical Mayan pottery from around the 9th century. The art was primarily religious in nature and depicted deities or rulers smoking early forms of cigarettes.[32] Soon after smoking was introduced outside of the Americas, it began appearing in painting in Europe and Asia. The painters of the Dutch Golden Age were among the first to paint portraits of people smoking and still-lifes of pipes and tobacco. For southern European painters of the 17th century, a pipe was much too modern to include in the preferred motifs inspired by mythology from Greek and Roman antiquity. At first smoking was considered lowly and was associated with peasants. Many early paintings were of scenes set in taverns or brothels. Later, as the Dutch Republic rose to considerable power and wealth, smoking became more common amongst the affluent and portraits of elegant gentlemen tastefully raising a pipe appeared. Smoking represented pleasure, transience and the briefness of earthly life as it, quite literally, went up in smoke. Smoking was also associated with representations of both the sense of smell and that of taste.

In the 18th century smoking became far sparser in painting as the elegant practice of taking snuff became popular. Smoking a pipe was again relegated to portraits of lowly commoners and country folk and the refined sniffing of shredded tobacco followed by sneezing was rare in art. When smoking appeared it was often in the exotic portraits influenced by Orientalism, projecting an image of European superiority over its colonies and a perception of male dominance of a feminized Occident. The theme of the exotic and alien "Other" escalated in the 19th century, fueled by the rise in popularity of ethnology during the Enlightenment.[33]

Skull with a Burning Cigarette by Vincent van Gogh, oil on canvas, 1885.

In the 19th century smoking was common as a symbol of simple pleasures; the pipe smoking "noble savage", solemn contemplation by Classical Roman ruins, scenes of an artists becoming one with nature while slowly puffing a pipe. The newly-empowered middle class also found a new dimension of smoking as a harmless pleasure enjoyed in smoking saloons and libraries. Smoking a cigarette or a cigar would also become associated with the bohemian, someone who shunned the conservative middle class values and displayed his contempt for conservatism. But this was a pleasure that was to be confined to a male world; women smokers were associated with prostitution and was not something that proper ladies should be involved in.[citation needed] It was not until the turn of the century that smoking women would appear in paintings and photos, giving a chic and charming impression. Impressionists like Vincent van Gogh, who was a pipe smoker himself, would also begin to associate smoking with gloom and fin-du-siècle fatalism.

While the symbolism of the cigarette, pipe and cigar respectively were consolidated in the late 19th century, it was not until the 20th century that artists began to use it fully[citation needed]; a pipe would stand for thoughtfulness and calm[citation needed]; the cigarette symbolized modernity, strength and youth, but also nervous anxiety; the cigar was a sign of authority, wealth and power. The decades following World War II, during the apex of smoking when the practice had still not come under fire by the growing anti-smoking movement, a cigarette casually tucked between the lips represented the young rebel, epitomized in actors like Marlon Brando and James Dean or mainstays of advertising like the Marlboro Man. It was not until the 1970s when the negative aspects of smoking began to appear[citation needed]; the unhealthy lower-class loser, reeking of cigarette smoke and lack of motivation and drive, especially in art inspired or commissioned by anti-smoking campaigns.[34]

Film

Film star and iconic smoker Humphrey Bogart.

Ever since the era of silent films, smoking has had a major part in film symbolism. In the hard boiled film noir crime thrillers, cigarette smoke often frames characters and is frequently used to add an aura of mystique or even nihilism. One of the forerunners of this symbolism can be seen in Fritz Lang's Weimar era Dr Mabuse, der Spieler (Dr Mabuse, the Gambler), where men mesmerized by card playing smoke cigarettes while gambling. Women smokers in film were also early on associated with a type of sensuous and seductive sexuality, most notably personified by German film star Marlene Dietrich. Similarly, male actors like Humphrey Bogart have been closely identified with their smoker persona and some of their most famous portraits and roles have involved a thick mist of cigarette smoke.

Since World War II, smoking has gradually become less frequent on screen as the obvious health hazards of smoking have become more widely known. With the anti-smoking movement gaining greater respect and influence, conscious attempts not to show smoking on screen are now undertaken in order to avoid encouraging smoking or giving it positive associations, particularly for family films. Smoking on screen is more common today among characters who are portrayed as anti-social or even criminal.[35]

Literature

The cover of My Lady Nicotine: A Study in Smoke (1896) by J.M. Barrie, otherwise best known for his play Peter Pan.

Just as in other types of fiction, smoking has had an important place in literature and smokers are often portrayed as characters with great individuality, or outright eccentrics, something typically personified in one of the most iconic smoking literary figures of all, Sherlock Holmes. Other than being a frequent part of short stories and novels, smoking has spawned endless eulogies, praising its qualities and affirming the author's identity as a devoted smoker. Especially during the late 19th century and early 20th century, a panoply of books with titles like Tobacco: Its History and associations (1876), Cigarettes in Fact and Fancy (1906) and Pipe and Pouch: The Smokers Own Book of Poetry (1905) were written in the UK and the US. The titles were written by men for other men and contained general tidbits and poetic musings about the love for tobacco and all things related to it, and frequently praised the refined bachelor's life. The Fragrant Weed: Some of the Good Things Which Have been Said or Sung about Tobacco, published in 1907, contained, among many others, the following lines from the poem A Bachelor's Views by Tom Hall that were typical of the attitude in many of the books:

“ So let us drink

To her, – but think

Of him who has to keep her;

And sans a wife

Let's spend our life

In bachelordom, – it's cheaper.[36] ”

These works were all published in an era before the cigarette had become the dominant form of tobacco consumption and pipes, cigars and chewing tobacco were still commonplace. Many of the books were published in novel packaging that would attract the learned smoking gentleman. Pipe and Pouch came in a leather bag resembling a tobacco pouch and Cigarettes in Fact and Fancy (1901) came bound in leather, packaged in an imitation cardboard cigar box. By the late 1920s, the publication of this type of literature largely abated and was only sporadically revived in the later 20th century.[37]

Since the introduction of tobacco to the world at large in the 1500s, a smoking culture has built around it, and is evident in many parts of the world to this day.


Some people have an attraction to the glamorous aspect of tobacco smoking, and there are those who believe that done in moderation, smoking can enhance their allure. Historically considered a masculine habit, the feminization of smoking occurred with the advent of fashion brands or premium brands of cigarettes specifically marketed to appeal to women, who might see the use of these brands as a way to increase their sexual appeal. Most often this effort is focused on young fashion-conscious professional ladies who are the target demographic for these brands, which are differentiated by slimness, added length, and occasionally color, over traditional brands of cigarettes. As smoking was once a fairly integral part of society, this attraction cannot in all senses be considered a fetish or paraphilia.

Accessories for smoking include personal cigarette cases, often-artistic ashtrays, ornate lighters and cigarette holders, long slender tubes in which cigarettes are held while smoked. Most frequently made of silver, jade or bakelite (popular in the past but now wholly replaced by modern plastics), cigarette holders were considered an essential part of ladies' fashion from the 1900s through the mid-1960s, and are still popular in many strands of Japanese fashion.

During the colonial and early American period, men and women alike smoked fragile greenware clay pipes, few of which survive today.

Originating in the Middle East, smoking with a hookah or water-pipe to cool the smoke, by filtering it through a vase of water, has gained in popularity in Western Europe and the United States in recent years. Often ice and milk or lemon juice is added to the water. Traditionally, the tobacco is mixed with a sweetener, such as honey or molasses, although fruit flavors have also become popular.

In the media and popular culture, smoking has been an aspect of storyline and character development for at least the last two centuries, appearing in books, films and more recently on television, though there has been a movement to minimize this since the mid-1960s. In the United States and Western Europe, smoking appeared in television commercials through the early 1970s, and is still seen in Japan today, even for non-related products.

From the 1920s through the mid-1960s, portraits and photographs of elegantly dressed ladies and gentlemen posing with a cigarette or cigar were popular, and many period photos actors and actresses are shown in such poses.

As part of a table setting during the 1950s and 1960s, small personal ashtrays were commonly placed on the top right-hand side, behind the wine and water glasses.

With smoking bans becoming increasingly common in the United States, cigarette manufacturers have turned to south and east Asia, in which places there is a distinct market for female oriented brands, and to the nouveau riche in Russia. Brands intended to appeal to women include decorative ones like Eve, Virginia Slims, or evening-out styles like Sobranie Cocktail or Sobranie Black Russian.

Since the introduction of tobacco to the world at large in the 1500s, a smoking culture has built around it, and is evident in many parts of the world to this day.

Some people have an attraction to the glamorous aspect of tobacco smoking, and there are those who believe that done in moderation, smoking can enhance their allure. Historically considered a masculine habit, the feminization of smoking occurred with the advent of fashion brands or premium brands of cigarettes specifically marketed to appeal to women, who might see the use of these brands as a way to increase their sexual appeal. Most often this effort is focused on young fashion-conscious professional ladies who are the target demographic for these brands, which are differentiated by slimness, added length, and occasionally color, over traditional brands of cigarettes.

Accessories for smoking include personal cigarette cases, often-artistic ashtrays, ornate lighters and cigarette holders, long slender tubes in which cigarettes are held while smoked. Most frequently made of silver, jade or bakelite (popular in the past but now wholly replaced by modern plastics), cigarette holders were considered an essential part of ladies' fashion from the 1900s through the mid-1960s, and are still popular in many strands of Japanese fashion.

During the colonial and early American period, men and women alike smoked fragile greenware clay pipes, few of which survive today.

Originating in the Middle East, smoking with a hookah or water-pipe to cool the smoke, by filtering it through a vase of water, has gained in popularity in Western Europe, Canada, and the United States in recent years. Often ice and milk or lemon juice is added to the water. Traditionally, the tobacco is mixed with a sweetener, such as honey or molasses, although fruit flavors have also become popular.

In the media and popular culture, smoking has been an aspect of storyline and character development for at least the last two centuries, appearing in books, films and more recently on television, though there has been a movement to minimize this since the mid-1960s. In the United States and Western Europe, smoking appeared in television commercials through the early 1970s, and is still seen in Asia today, even for non-related products.

From the 1920s through the mid-1960s, portraits and photographs of elegantly dressed ladies and gentlemen posing with a cigarette or cigar were popular, and many period photos actors and actresses are shown in such poses.

As part of a table setting during the 1950s and 1960s, small personal ashtrays were commonly placed on the top right-hand side, behind the wine and water glasses.

With smoking bans becoming increasingly common in the United States, cigarette manufacturers have turned to south and east Asia, in which places there is a distinct market for female oriented brands, and to the nouveau riche in Russia. Brands intended to appeal to women include decorative ones like Eve, Virginia Slims, or evening-out styles like Sobranie Cocktail or Sobranie Black Russian.

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Although not properly for smoking, a tobacco-related accessory that was very popular from the discovery of tobacco by Europeans until the late 1800s was the snuff box (or box for any type of loose tobacco), which, if the owner was wealthy, could be made of precious materials such as gold or silver, and receive all manner of decoration. Many surviving examples are works of art of high value.

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