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Chapter 17- The Spanish Inquisition

Section 1- The Spanish Empire - Spanish conquistador – Spanish fortune hunter. - Searched for the 3 G’s- o Gold- wealth for their country o Glory –fame o God -wanted to spread Catholicism - Hernan Cortes

o One of the most famous Spanish conquistador o Landed in Mexico o Aztec were there when he landed o When he landed, there was a legend that the main God of the Aztec would return soon. So when he landed, they thought that he as this god and showered him with gold and gifts. The Aztec’s sunk their ships after Cortes told them so and they could not go back to Spain. This meant that they were there for the long run. Even though the Spanish were outnumbered, they had many advantages. These advantages include steel swords, armor, cross bows, artillery, horses, Dona Maria- who had been given to Cortes as a slave. Cortes and his men take Montezuma captive and eventually kill them and take over their city. Montezuma is the captain. Tenochitilan is the capital - Pizaro o Went to the Incan Empire o Captured Atualpa, which was the leader of the Incan Empire in Cajamarca, the capital of the Incan Empire o Pizarro was then killed by one of his own officers who wanted to take over the land o Then they become corrupt and start fighting against each other - Juan Ponce de Lion o He was in search of the fountain of youth o Landed in St. Augustine, Florida and named it Florida which means the land of flowers o He was the first European to land in the United States - Cabeza de Vaca o Means the head of the cow o Landed in Tampa Bay, Florida o He and his men traveled to Galveston, Texas by ship o The men were taken captive by Native Americans, but escaped and went to Mexico - Hernando de Soto o One of Pizaros men who became wealthy after getting their money o He wanted to find the city made of gold that were described by the native Americans o He landed on the western coast of Florida and explored the southeast from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River and beyond o Learned a lot about geography but failed to find any gold o He died on his travels and his men cast his body into the Mississippi to keep it from being captured - Coronado o Chosen by the viceroy of Spain to investigate the accuracy of the stories of golden cities in the Americas o Landed near Zuni, New Mexico o Only found a small village o Sent out to parties to explore the region. One party sighted the Grand Canyon and the other worked eastward to the Great Plains o Even after his first failures, he still kept looking as far as present day Kansas but still found nothing - Pedro de Valdivia and Ines Suarez o Conquered much of Chile for Spain - Spanish Territory reached all the way from present day Kansas to Chile - The ruler of all this territory was Charles V, or the holy roman emperor - The Council of the Indies made laws for the Spanish territories and sent the laws to Mexico City and Lima, Peru - The viceroy was a royal agent in both Mexico City and Lima

Phillip II - Became the king of Spain when his father gave up the throne. Also ruled Milan, Franche-Comte on Frances Eastern border and all 17 provinces that made up the Netherlands - Seized Portugal and it’s lands - Under his rule, Spain had the largest and best equipped army - His palace was the Escorial - Was very suspicious and trusted no one - Sought to strengthen his monarchy and Catholicism - Catholicism’s rivals were the Muslim Ottoman Turks and the Protestants - Under his rule, Spain became the staunchest supporter of Catholicism and the most dangerous enemy of Protestantism - Battle of Lepanto o War against the Spanish and the ottoman Turks, or the catholic versus the protestants o Was a major victory for the catholic - Other than the Dutch, Phillips greatest Protestant enemy was Elizabeth I of England o She openly assisted the Dutch rebels with money and troops o Also encouraged English sea captains to raid Spanish treasure ships - Struck at England with a hue fleet of ships known as the Armada o He had high hopes for his Armada, but the English destroyed it

Spain’s Golden Age of Art - Because of all the gold coming into Spain - El Greco o He painted portraits of Catholic Saints and martyrs - Velazquez o Paints portraits of kings and princes - Cervantes o Wrote Don Quixote, which is a satire about chivalry o His book is known as the first modern English novel o He saw everything better than it really was - The golden age was short lived - It ended so fast because Phillip II died and because the next kings were weak. - Weakened economy. o Also the gold they got from New Spain was spent because they had more import than exports so all their money was being spent. They were not self- sufficient. o All of the goods they needed were shipped into the country by Spain’s enemies, the Dutch o No middle class. o Also there was inflation because they had so much gold and silver that it was starting to lose its value. Inflation in Europe made it very hard for the Spaniards to buy goods - The golden age ended

The Dutch - The Netherlands were a part of the holy roman empire under Charles V - He gave them to Spain under Philip II - The Protestant reformation spread to the Netherlands. Calvinists in the Netherlands were the minority but they were very strong and spread their religion well. Philip II was secretive, never let anyone, and a strong supporter of Catholicism - In the Netherlands, about 1/3 of the population was Calvinist - He realized that to take away the Catholicism he needed to lead in Spain. - He sent his sister Marguerite to rule over the Netherlands - Her goals were to get rid of Protestantism and to raise taxes - These goals angered the people and made uprisings - One of the most popular uprisings was started by the sea beggars - The sea beggars were protestants they destroyed the catholic church and all of the important parts - Philip the II was angered and sent the Spanish duke of Alva to the Netherlands to stop the revolts - In one day the Spanish soldiers killed 1500 people who were mostly Protestant - After this war happened from 1568 to 1578 between Spanish and Dutch or Catholics and protestants William the silent - Raised a catholic but believed in Calvinist ideas. He doesn’t care what religion one is he just wanted the Dutch to rule themselves - His motives were purely political because he wanted the Dutch to rule themselves and wanted the Netherlands free from Spain - The Spanish won battle after battle - In the battle of Alkmaar, the Dutch land was flooded and ruined all the buildings - In 1579, the Dutch were in control of the northern part of the Netherlands. By 1581, 7 provinces led by Holland declared themselves independent and were called the united provinces of the Netherlands. the southern portion remained under Spanish control - His main goals were to make a country were all religions could live in harmony. He is seen as the father of the Netherlands - Was murdered - One of the first countries in Europe to accept every religion so their country was built on religious freedom

The Dutch or the United Provinces of the Netherlands - They established a republic - They had an elected governor, called a stadtholder. This leader needed the support of landholders to remain in power - Also had the states general which was the law making body but hey had little power because each province wanted to remain independent - Commercial revolution and capitalism o Capitalists- people who invested large sums of money as capital in business ventures. Their goal was to gain money to pay all the money of their venture plus extra called profit o A capitalist did not spend all their money on luxury items. Instead the successful capitalist reinvested the profit in another, probably larger venture - Banking o As trade routes of the Atlantic became more important than those of the Mediterranean, the Dutch replaced the Italians as the bankers of Europe - The Dutch East Indies Company o The Dutch displaced the Portuguese to become leaders in the spice trade - Dutch Artists in Amsterdam o Rembrandt  Greatest Dutch artist of the period  Realistically captured moments of drama  His most famous painting, “The Night Watch,” showed his mastery of light and shadow o Franz Hals  Painted brighter and less somber works than Rembrandt o Jan Vermeer  Painted middle-aged women doing everyday chores

o Showed more interest in groups than in heroic individuals

France

Valois dynasty - King Henry II o Was killed in a jousting match - Has three sons but they are all weak so Catherine de Medici rules as regent - She rules when France is divided by religion- Calvinism and Catholicism - 1/6 of the population is Calvinist - There were constant violent uprising happening between the two groups - While this is happens, there is a plot to overthrow the Valois dynasty o The two families were the house of bourbon and the house of guise - Charles IX is her third son- she was a very overbearing mother o He was influenced by admiral Coligny, who was protestant, so Catherine did not like him because she was Catholic o She comes up with a plan to kill all the protestants in France o She tells her son and he gets upset and says that if she kills one then she must kill all of them, which includes his advisor Coligny o So on August 24, 1572 St. Bartholomew Day 12,000 protestants were killed and admiral Coligny was assassinated o Shortly after Charles IX dies of tuberculosis - Charles was replaced by his younger brother, Henry III o He didn’t really rule because France was in a time of civil war - At this time it looked as the house of guise was going to take over because Spain was supporting them because they were also Catholic - A group called the politiques, French catholic leaders, rallied behind the house of bourbon because they wanted religious toleration and the house of bourbon was protestant so they would push out the catholic - Henry III killed the duke of guise - Then Henry III was killed - The house of bourbon won, and they were protestant. The house of guise was gone - The next king was Henry IV, or Henry of Navarre o He was very strong and robust, also handsome and well rounded o Was a leader of the House of Bourbon and therefore a Huguenot, or French follower of Calvinism o He converts to Catholicism when he becomes king, because Paris is all Catholicism and he needs the support of the capital city o His quote is a mass is worth Paris o Huguenots could not live in Paris o He put in place the edict of Nantes, which granted religious freedom to the Calvinists o He restored the monarchy, brought peace to France, and kept Spain out o He is killed because people thought he was too compromising - Henry IV’s son Louis XIII ruled next o Was a member of the bourbon family o Did not want to rule much so he hired Cardinal Richelieu as his chief minister o He devoted himself to two goals- increasing the power of the bourbon monarchy and making France the strongest state in Europe o He had his three fears or goals. He was fearful that he would not keep control over France because he was not actually the king  1st fear- the independence of the Huguenot cities  2nd fear- power of the French nobility- could overthrow them  3rd fear- the power of the Hapsburgs o He soon becomes the virtual ruler of France - French Thinkers o Rabelais  Publish two satires on European society- Gargantua and Pantagruel  He thought people should do as they wished o o Montaigne  Developed the new form of literature, the essay, which is a short written work on a single topic  Wrote “The Essays,” in which he says that the opinions in that essay go no farther than himself  Was called “the wisest Frenchmen that ever lived” o Descartes  Was both a mathematician and a writer  Developed the basic ideas of analytical geometry  Also studied optics, astronomy, and natural philosophy  Considered the founder of modern philosophy  Wrote “Discourse on Method,” which is a guide for seeking truth in the sciences  Wrote the quote “I think, therefore I am.”

Thirty Years’ War - There were uprising in the Czech Republic and there was resistance in the Germans because they didn’t like that their king, Ferdinand II, was both a foreigner- a German-speaking Austrian- and an ardent Catholic. He was also a leader in the Hapsburg family and the Holy Roman Emperor - As an Austrian, he sparked their national hatred. As a catholic, he jeopardized the religious freedom of the Lutherans. As a Hapsburg, he posed a threat to the Bourbon king of France - Between the protestants and catholic in Europe - Three phases o Hapsburgs triumphs  1618-1630  Austrian and Spain crush the protestant troops  Leaders of the Czech republic  Wallenstein raised an army of 125,000 men to fight for the Catholic o Hapsburg defeat  1630-1632  Adolphus enters the war  Brings the change of tide in the war  Brought better tactic  Protestant forces drove them out of northern Germany o French domination  1635-1648  Wallenstein and Adolphus are killed  Richelieu wanted to keep the Hapsburgs out so he entered the Protestant side - In Germany people died, the economy and trade was completely destroyed, and it left them in shambles - The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia which included the French and Germans and their Protestant allies and the Austrian Hapsburgs and their Spanish allies o France took and area called Alsace, a fertile strip of land along the West bank of the Rhine River o Sweden took a piece of northern Germany on the north sea and another piece on the Baltic sea, which are warm water ports o Princes in Germany got total control over their own states. The holy roman empire has no control over them anymore o Calvinism gains equal weight with Lutheranism and Catholicism o The Dutch republic won recognition as an independent state - Long term consequences o Germany lost what little unity it had b/c they were now an independent state o The holy roman empire lost its power and the holy roman empire was just a name o Spain and Austria lost all of their power

- France has all the power - England stayed out of the war