User:Kensplanet/Demo
Demographics
[edit]| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1971 | 5,970,575 | — |
| 1981 | 8,243,405 | +38.1% |
| 1991 | 9,925,891 | +20.4% |
| 2001 | 11,914,398 | +20.0% |
Data is based on Government of India Census. | ||
According to the 2001 census, the population of Mumbai was 11,914,398,[2] According to extrapolations carried out by the World Gazetteer in 2008, Mumbai has a population of 13,662,885[3] and the Mumbai Metropolitan Area has a population of 21,347,412.[4] The population density is estimated to be about 22,000 persons per square kilometre. Per 2001 census, Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of BMC, has literacy rate of 77.45%,[5] higher than the national average of 64.8%.[6] The sex ratio was 774 (females per 1,000 males) in the island city, 826 in the suburbs, and 811 as a whole in the Greater Mumbai,[5] all numbers lower than the national average of 933 females per 1,000 males.[7] The low sex ratio is due to a large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.[8]
The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus (67.39%), Muslims (18.56%), Buddhists (5.22%), Jains (3.99%), Christians (3.72%), Sikhs (0.58%), with Parsis and Jews making up the rest of the population.[9] The linguistic/ethnic demographics are: Maharashtrians (42%), Gujaratis (19%), with North Indians and South Indians making up the rest.[10] The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the Dawoodi Bohras, Khojas, and Konkani Muslims.[11] Native Christians include East Indian Catholics who were converted by the Portuguese, during the 16th century.[12] The city also has a small native Bene Israeli Jewish community, who migrated from the Persian Gulf or Yemen, probably 1600 years ago.[13]
Residents of Mumbai call themselves Mumbaikar, Mumbaiite or Bombayite. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India. Sixteen major languages of India are spoken in Mumbai, the most common being Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, and English.[14] English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya—a blend of Marathi, Hindi, Indian English and some invented words—is spoken on the streets.[15]
Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries: widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live in close proximity to bus or train stations although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district.[16] About 60% of Mumbai's population lives in slums.[17] Dharavi, Asia's second largest slum[18] is located in central Mumbai and houses 800,000 people.[19] The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.[20] In 2007, the crime rate (crimes booked under Indian Penal Code) in Mumbai was 186.2 per 1,00,000 population, which was slightly higher than the national average of 175.1, but much lower than the average crime rate of 312.3 in cities with more than one million people in the country.[21] The city's main and oldest jail is the Arthur Road Jail.[22]
Citations
[edit]- ^ Population and Employement profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region, p. 6
- ^ Population and Employement profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region, p. 13
- ^ "India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "India: metropolitan areas". World Gazetteer. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
- ^ a b Population and Employement profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region, p. 12
- ^ "Number of Literates & Literacy Rate". Census Data 2001: India at a Glance. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ "Sex Ratio". Census Data 2001: India at a Glance. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ "Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city". The Times of India. 2004-09-08. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
- ^ "Census GIS Household". Census of India. Office of the Registrar General. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ^ Mehta 2004, p. 99: "Maharashtrians now comprise only 42 percent of the city's residents; 19 percent are Gujarati, and the rest are Muslim, North Indian, Sindhi, South Indian..."
- ^ Bates 2003, p. 266
- ^ Baptista 1967, p. 5
- ^ Strizower 1971, p. 15
- ^ Pai 2005, p. 1804
- ^ O'Brien 2003, p. 141
- ^ Datta & Jones 1999, Low-Income Households and the Housing Problem in Mumbai, pp. 158–159
- ^ "Slum Cities: A Shifting World". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-05-07. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
- ^ Jacobson, Marc (May 2007). "Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Davis 2006, p. 31
- ^ "Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005-06" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department (Government of Maharashtra). p. 2. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
- ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2007). "Crimes in Mega Cities" (PDF). Crime in India-2007 (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (Government of India). p. 2. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
- ^ "Once again, Arthur Road Jail prepares for mother of all trials". The Indian Express. 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help)
References
[edit]- Bapat, Jyotsna (2005). Development projects and critical theory of environment. SAGE. ISBN 9780761933571.
- Baptista, Elsie Wilhelmina (1967). The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein. Bombay East Indian Association.
- Bates, Crispin (2003). Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125024828.
- Brunn, Stanley; Williams, Jack Francis; Zeigler, Donald (2003). Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development (Third ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
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- Datta, Kavita; Jones, Gareth A. (1999). Housing and finance in developing countries. Volume 7 of Routledge studies in development and society (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9780415172424.
- David, M. D. (1973). History of Bombay, 1661–1708. University of Bombay.
- David, M. D. (1995). Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India. Himalaya Publishing House.
- Davis, Mike (2006). Planet of Slums [« Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global »]. La Découverte, Paris. ISBN 978-2-7071-4915-2.
- Dwivedi, Sharada; Mehrotra, Rahul (2001). Bombay: The Cities Within. Eminence Designs.
- Environment and urbanization. Vol. v. 14, no. 1. International Institute for Environment and Development. April 2002. ISBN 9781843692232. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - "Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR" (PDF). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Retrieved 2009-08-28.
- Farooqui, Amar (2006). Opium city: the making of early Victorian Bombay. Three Essays Press. ISBN 9788188789320.
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- Fuller, Christopher John; Bénéï, Véronique (2001). The everyday state and society in modern India. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 9781850654711.
- Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). "Introduction". Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema. Routledge. ISBN 0415288541.
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{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Mehta, Suketu (2004). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. Alfred A Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40372-8.
- Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. 1993. ISBN 9789211312331.
- Morris, Jan; Winchester, Simon (2005) [1983]. Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj (reissue, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192805966.
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- O'Brien, Derek (2003). The Mumbai Factfile. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143029472.
- "Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai" (PDF, 1.18 MB). Mumbai Police. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
- Patel, Sujata; Masselos, Jim, eds. (2003). "Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism". Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition. Delhi, India: The Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195677110.
- Pai, Pushpa (2005). "Multilingualism, Multiculturalism and Education: Case Study of Mumbai City" (PDF). In Cohen, James; McAlister, Kara T.; Rolstad, Kellie; MacSwan, Jeff (ed.). Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Cascadilla Press. pp. 1794–1806. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - Patil, R.P. (1957). The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay. Calcutta: Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest.
- Phadnis, Aditi. Business Standard Political Profiles: Of Cabals and Kings.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - "Population and Employement profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region" (PDF). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Vol. 65. Indian National Science Academy. 1999.
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{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Shirodkar, Prakashchandra P. (1998). Researches in Indo-Portuguese history. Vol. 2. Publication Scheme. ISBN 9788186782156.
- Swaminathan, R.; Goyal, Jaya (2006). Mumbai vision 2015: agenda for urban renewal. Macmillan India in association with Observer Research Foundation.
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{{cite book}}: More than one of|first1=and|first=specified (help) - Zakakria, Rafiq; Indian National Congress (1985). 100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985. Reception Committee, Congress Centenary Session.