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Transmembrane protein 131 (TMEM131) is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM131 gene in humans.[1] The TMEM131 protein contains three domains of unknown function 3651 (DUF3651)[2] and two transmembrane domains[1]. This protein has been implicated has having a role in T cell function and development.[3] [4] TMEM131 also resides in a locus (2q11.1) that is associated with Nievergelt's Syndrome when deleted.[5]

Role In T Cell Function

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TMEM131 has been shown to exhibit hypermethylation in patients with Down Syndrome.[3] The authors of this study proposed that, given TMEM131s supposed function in T cell development and function, this hypermethylation may play a role in the suppressed immune function in patients with Down Syndrome.

TMEM131 has also been shown to be up-regulated during the development and differentiation of T cells,[4] and has been shown to have relatively high levels of expression in T cells.[6]

Gene

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Overview

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Predicted promoter sequence layout as well as potential transcriptional start sites (TSS) as predicted by the Genomatix El Dorado tool.[7]

TMEM131 is located on the negative DNA strand (see Sense (molecular biology)) of chromosome 2 from 98,372,799 - 98,612,354.[8] The gene product is a 6,657 base pair mRNA with 41 predicted exons in the human gene. [1] Ensembl predicts ten alternative splice forms, four of which are protein coding.[9] Promoter prediction and analysis was carried out using El Dorado[7] through the Genomatix software page.[10] The predicted promoter region spans 1002 base pairs from 98,611,892 through 98,612,893 on the minus strand of chromosome 2. The program predicted two potential transcriptional start locations. The first spans 216 base pairs from 98,612,501 through 98,612,716. The second spans 182 base pairs from 98,612,262 through 98,612,443.

Gene Neighborhood

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TMEM131 is located directly adjacent to the ZAP70 gene (98,330,331 - 98,356,323) on the positive DNA strand, as well as numerous pseudogenes at the 2q11.2 locus. A Von Willebrand factor containing gene (VWA3B) is located upsteam from TMEM131 on the positive strand (98,703,595 - 98,929,410).[8]

Gene Expression

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Example of in situ hybridization data available from BDGP (stage 11 shown).[11]

TMEM131 is expressed in low to moderate levels throughout most of the body, with slightly increased levels occurring in the lymph nodes, uterus and T cells.[6] Expression data in developing fruit fly embryos is available from the BDGP in situ homepage.[11]

Expression profile from 79 physiologically normal tissues obtained from various sources for TMEM131.[6]

Protein

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Properties/Characteristics

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Schematic representation of the TMEM131 protein.

The primary function of the TMEM131 protein is not well understood. The human form has 1883 amino acid residues, with an isoelectric point of 8.74 and a molecular mass of 205,100 Daltons.[12] It has been shown to contain two transmembrane domains at residues 1,091-1,111 and 1,118-1,138. Three DUF3651 regions are located on the N-terminal side of the two adjacent transmembrane domains. These are located at residues 173-245, 502-582, and 639-708. The intercellular location of the protein has not been experimentally determined, but it is thought to reside in either the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum, with each domain on both the N-terminal and C-terminal sides of the transmembrane regions being cytosolic.[13] It contains numerous phosphorylation sites which have been shown both experimentally and with bioinformatic tools.[1] [12] Bioinformatic analysis of the protein using the NetPhos tool[14] predicted 145 potential phosphorylation sites though out the entire length of the protein.[15]

Protein Interactions

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Protein interaction analysis for TMEM131 has been carried out using computational tools. No interactions were identified through the MINT database.[16] A STRING search revealed ten possible protein interactions through text mining, although none of these should be considered actual protein-protein interactions.[17] Closer analysis of the results shows very little potential for these predictions to be real. The IntAct tool was also used, and this revealed a potential interaction had been found with Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), which had been identified in a yeast Two-hybrid screening study.[18]

Conservation

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Orthologs

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TMEM131 is conserved throughout all of its orthologs. The entire protein is highly conserved in primate orthologs, while conservation is high within the DUF3651 and transmembrane regions in the more distant homologs.[19]

Orthologs were found in species as distantly related to Humans as the Choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis using BLAST[20] and the ALIGN tool through the Sand Diego Super Computer Biology Workbench.[12] The following table gives information on the homologs of TMEM131.

Genus Species Organism Common Name Divergence from Humans (MYA) [21] NCBI Protein Accession Number Sequence Identity [12] Protein Length Common Gene Name
Homo sapiens[1] Humans -- NP_056163.1 100% 1883 TMEM131
Pan troglodytes[22] Common Chimp 6.2 XP_515638.2 99.6% 1883 TMEM131
Bos taurus [23] Cattle 96.6 XP_613474 92.1% 1876 TMEM131
Mus musculus [24] Mouse 94.5 NP_061360.2 89.7% 1877 TMEM131
Monodelphis domestica [25] Opposum 170.0 XM_001367646.2 81.3% 1840 TMEM131
Gallus gallus [26] Chicken 323.0 XM_001233588.2 76.3% 1821 TMEM131
Xenopus tropicalis [27] Frog 359.0 NP_001135552 70.3% 1877 TMEM131
Danio rerio [28] Zebra Fish 436.8 XP_001923340.1 59.6% 1799 Predicted: TMEM131
Caenorhabditis elegans [29] Nematode 274.8 NP_498059.2 24.1% 1831 Hypothetical Protein C27F2.8
Drosophila melanogaster [30] Fruit Fly 725.5 NP_611073.2 24.0% 1567 CG8370
Monosiga brevicollis [31] Choanoflagellate 856.0 XP_001744482.1 21.2% 1781 Hypothetical Protein

Paralog

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TMEM131 has a single paralog, TMEM131L or KIAA0922. [32] This gene is very similar to TMEM131, but it does not include the second two of the three DUF3651 regions.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "NCBI Protein: TMEM131". Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  2. ^ "DUF 3651". Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  3. ^ a b Kerkel, Kristi (November 2010). "Altered DNA Methylation in Leukocytes with Trisomy 21". PLOS Genet. 6 (11): e1001212. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001212. PMC 2987931. PMID 21124956.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b Tydell, Chace (1). "Molecular Dissection of Prethymic Progenitor Entry into the T Lymphocyte Developmental Pathway". The Journal of Immunology. 179 (1): 421–438. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.421. PMID 17579063. Retrieved 28 April 2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Steucgen-Gersdorf, E (December 2008). "Triangular tibia with fibular aplasia associated with a microdeletion on 2q11.2 encompassing LAF4". Clinical Genetics. 74 (6): 560–565. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01050.x. PMID 18616733. Retrieved 29 April 2012.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^ a b c "GDS596 / TMEM131 / Homo Sapiens - Gene expression profile from 79 physiologically normal tissues". NCBI.
  7. ^ a b "El Dorado". Genomatix. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  8. ^ a b "TMEM131: 23505". Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  9. ^ "Ensembl: TMEM131". Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  10. ^ "Genomatix". Genomatix. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  11. ^ a b "BDGP in situ". Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  12. ^ a b c d "SDSC Biology Workbench". Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  13. ^ "Expasy: Psort". Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  14. ^ Blom, N. (1999). "Sequence- and structure-based prediction of eukaryotic protein phosphorylation sites". Journal of Molecular Biology. 295 (5): 1351–1362. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3310. PMID 10600390. Retrieved 5 May 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Blom, N. "NetPhos TMEM131". NetPhos. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  16. ^ "MINT TMEM131".
  17. ^ "STRING TMEM131". Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  18. ^ "IntAct TMEM131". Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  19. ^ Chenna R, Sugawara H, Koike T, Lopez R, Gibson TJ, Higgins DG, Thompson JD (July 2003). "Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (13): 3497–500. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg500. PMC 168907. PMID 12824352.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "NCBI BLAST".
  21. ^ "Time Tree".
  22. ^ "NCBI Nucleotide: XP_515638.2". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  23. ^ "NCBI Nucleotide: XP_613474". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  24. ^ "NCBI Nucleotide: NP_061360.2". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  25. ^ "NCBI Nucleotide: XM_001367646.2". Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  26. ^ "NCBI Nucleotide:XM_001233588.2".
  27. ^ "NCBI Nucleotide: NP_001135552". Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  28. ^ "NCBI Nucleotide: XP_001923340.1".
  29. ^ "NCBI Nucleotide: NP_498059.2". Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  30. ^ "NCBI Nucleotide: NP_611073.2". Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  31. ^ "NCBI Nucleotide: XP_001744482.1". Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  32. ^ "GeneCards: TMEM131L". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
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