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Hacktivism article

Add to Section on Anonymous

Following the Paris terror attacks in 2015, Anonymous posted a video declaring war on ISIS,[1] the terror group that claimed responsibility for the attacks. Since declaring war on ISIS, Anonymous since identified several Twitter accounts associated with the movement in order to stop the distribution of ISIS propaganda. However, Anonymous fell under heavy criticism when Twitter issued a statement calling the lists Anonymous had compiled "wildly inaccurate," as it contained accounts of journalists and academics rather than members of ISIS. .[2]

Anonymous has also been involved with the Black Lives Matter movement. Early in July 2015, there was a rumor circulating that Anonymous was calling for a Day of Rage protests in retaliation for the shootings of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile, which would entail violent protests and riots. This rumor was based off a video that was not posted with the official Anonymous YouTube account. None of the twitter accounts associated with Anonymous had tweeted anything in relation to a Day of Rage, and the rumors were identical to past rumors that had circulated in 2014 following the death of Mike Brown.[3] Instead, on July 15th, a twitter account associated with Anonymous posted a series of tweets calling for a day of solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement. The twitter account used the hashtag "#FridayofSolidarity" to coordinate protests across the nation, and emphasized the fact that the Friday of Solidarity was intended for peaceful protests. The account also stated that the group was unaware of any Day of Rage plans.[4]

Wikileaks

[edit]

WikiLeaks was founded in 2006 by Julian Assange as a "multi-national media organization and associated library."[5] WikiLeaks operated under the principle of "principled leaking," in order to fight societal corruption.[6] The not-for-profit functions as a whistleblowing organization that serves as an archive of classified documents. Originally, WikiLeaks was operated with the principles of a wiki site, meaning that users could post documents, edit others' documents, and help decide which materials were posted.

The first notable release of documents by Wikileaks was the release of Afghanistan War logs. [7]In July of 2010, WikiLeaks published over 90,000 documents regarding the war in Afghanistan. Prior to the leak, WikiLeaks gave access to the documents to three newspapers. Though WikiLeaks did not identify a source for the documents, it was speculated that the leak came from a former army intelligence analyst, Bradley Manning. Manning was arrested in the July of 2010, but it is not confirmed that he was the source.[8] The war logs revealed 144 incidents of formerly unreported civilian casualties by the US military. The leak of the Afghanistan war logs was the greatest military leak in United States history.[9]

WikiLeaks is also notable for its leak of over 20,000 confidential emails and 8,000 file attachments from the Democratic National Committee (DNC), on July 22nd, 2016. The emails are specifically from the inboxes of seven prominent staffers of the DNC, and they were leaked as a searchable database.[10] The emails leaked showed instances of key DNC staffers working to undermine Senator Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign prior to primary elections, which was directly against the DNC's stated neutrality in primary elections. Examples of targeting Senator Bernie Sanders included targeting his religion, hoping for his dropping out of the race, constructing negative narratives about his campaign and more. Other emails revealed criticism of President Barack Obama for not helping more in fundraising.[11] Following the leak, DNC chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz announced she would be stepping down from her position in the DNC.[12] On July 25th 2016, the Democratic National Convention opened without Wasserman Schultz. The DNC issued an apology to Sanders the same day the Democratic National Convention opened.[13]

Section on LulzSec

In May of 2011, five members of Anonymous formed the hacktivist group Lulz Security, otherwise known as LulzSec. LulzSec's name originated from the conjunction of the internet slang term "lulz", meaning laughs, and "sec", meaning security.[14] The group member's used specific handles to identify themselves on Internet Relay Channels, the most notable being: "Sabu," "Kayla," "T-Flow," "Topiary," "AVUnit," and "Pwnsauce." Though the members of LulzSec would spend up to 20 hours a day in communication, they did not know one another personally, nor did they share personal information. For example, once the members' identities were revealed, "T-Flow" was revealed to be 15 years old. Other members, on the basis of his advanced coding ability, thought he was around 30 years old.[15]

One of the first notable targets that LulzSec pursued was HBGary, which was performed in response to a claim made by the technology security company that it had identified members of Anonymous. Following this, the members of LulzSec targeted an array of companies and entities, including but not limited to: Fox Television, Tribune Company, PBS, Sony, Nintendo, and the Senate.gov website. The targeting of these entities typically involved gaining access to and downloading confidential user information, or defacing the website at hand.[16] Though the attacks carried out by LulzSec were not as strongly political as those typical of Wikileaks or Anonymous, they shared similar sentiments for the freedom of information. One of their distinctly politically-driven attacks involved targeting the Arizona State Police in response to new immigration laws.[17]

The group's first attack that garnered significant government attention was in 2011, when they collectively took down a website of the FBI. Following the incident, the leader of LulzSec, "Sabu," was identified as Hector Xavier Monsegur by the FBI, and he was the first of the group to be arrested. Immediately following his arrest, Monsegur admitted to criminal activity. He then began his cooperation with the US government, helping FBI authorities to arrest 8 of his co-conspirators, prevent 300 potential cyber attacks, and helped to identify vulnerabilities in existing computer systems. In August 2011, Monsegur pleaded guilty to "computer hacking conspiracy, computer hacking, computer hacking in furtherance of fraud, conspiracy to commit access device fraud, conspiracy to commit bank fraud, and aggravated identity theft pursuant to a cooperation agreement with the government." He served a total of one year and seven months, and he was charged a $1,200 fine.[18]

To be added to Notable Events

One of the first hacktivist events was as early as 1990. The Hong Kong Blondes helped Chinese citizens get access to blocked websites by targeting the Chinese computer networks.[19] The group identified holes in the Chinese internet system, particularly in the area of satellite communications. The leader of the group, Blondie Wong, also described plans to attack American businesses that were partnering with China.[20]

In December of 1998, a hacktivist group from the US called Legions of the Underground emerged. They declared a cyberwar against Iraq and China and planned on disabling internet access in retaliation for the countries' human rights abuses.[21] Opposing hackers criticized this move by Legions of the Underground, saying that by shutting down internet systems, the hacktivist group would have no impact on providing free access to information.[22]

For Telecomix event specifically:

Telecomix released a video stating their support of the Egyptian people, describing their efforts to provide dial-up connections, and offering methods to avoid internet filters and government surveillance.[23] The hacktivist group also announced that they were closely tracking radio frequencies in the event that someone was sending out important messages.[24]

June 3rd, 2011, LulzSec took down a website of the FBI. This was the first time they had targeted a website that was not part of the private sector. That week, the FBI was able to track the leader of LulzSec, Hector Xavier Monsegur. [14]

June 20th, 2011 LulzSec targeted the Serious Organised Crime Agency of the United Kingdom, causing UK authorities to take down the website.[25]

Additional Resources

Jordan, Tim, and Paul A. Taylor. Hacktivism and cyberwars: Rebels with a cause?. Psychology Press, 2004.

Saunders, Robert A. "WikiLeaks are not terrorists: A critical assessment of the Hacktivist challenge to the diplomatic system." Globality Studies Journal 25 (2011).

Samuel, Alexandra Whitney. Hacktivism and the future of political participation. Diss. Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2004.

WikiLeaks Article

To go under the section for "Restructuring"

Plagiarism apparent from Perspectives and Implications for the Development of Information Structures.

Add:

WikiLeaks restructured its process for contributions after its first document leaks did not gain much attention. Assange stated this was part of an attempt to take the voluntary efforts typically seen in "Wiki" projects, and "redirect it to...material that has real potential for change."[26]

Rephrase "It is no longer possible for anybody to post to it or edit it, in any country, as the original FAQ promised. Instead, submissions are regulated by an internal review process and some are published, while documents not conforming to the editorial criteria are rejected by anonymous WikiLeaks reviewers."

to: "The original FAQ is no longer in effect, and no one can post or edit documents on WikiLeaks. Now, submissions to WikiLeaks are reviewed by anonymous WikiLeaks reviewers, and documents that do not meet the editorial criteria are rejected."

P2P Foundation Article 

Chokepoint project

The Chokepoint project was established following the Internet blackouts in Egypt and Libya during 2011.[27] This inspired two members of the P2P Foundation, James Burke and Chris Pinchen, to begin the Chokepoint Project. The project's aim is to create a live map of the internet that identifies Chokepoints, and who has access to these Chokepoints. Chokepoints are identified as points of Internet access vulnerability. This map would potentially allow people to identify the degree and precise location of internet outages. Much of the data used for the mapping is supplied by volunteers. [28] The Chokepoint project actively combats a widely held assumption that the internet is a decentralized medium that is not subject to government power.[29] For those who are subject to internet blackouts, the Chokepoint projects also provides methods of circumventing these chokepoints and information on legal matters regarding the internet blackouts. [27] The Chokepoint project won the Prix Arts Electronica in May of 2011 in the "Next Idea" category.[30]

http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/video/chokepoint-project 

http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b20565986~S1

http://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Main_Page

  1. ^ "Anonymous has declared war on Isis after the Paris attacks". The Independent. 2015-11-16. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  2. ^ "Anonymous Hacks ISIS, But Warns Against Collaborating With US". International Business Times. 2015-12-15. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  3. ^ LaCapria, Kim. "Anonymous 'Day of Rage' Protests". snopes. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  4. ^ "Black Lives Matter Protests Happening Today At SF's Civic Center And Downtown Oakland". SFist. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  5. ^ "What is WikiLeaks". wikileaks.org. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  6. ^ "IFLA -- What is the effect of WikiLeaks for Freedom of Information?". www.ifla.org. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  7. ^ Zittrain, Jonathan. "Everything You Need to Know About Wikileaks". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  8. ^ Lang, Olivia (2010-07-27). "Welcome to a new age of whistle-blowing". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  9. ^ Davies, Nick; Leigh, David (2010-07-25). "Afghanistan war logs: Massive leak of secret files exposes truth of occupation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  10. ^ "Wikileaks posts nearly 20,000 hacked DNC emails online". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  11. ^ "Here are the latest, most damaging things in the DNC's leaked emails". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  12. ^ "Debbie Wasserman Schultz To Step Down As Democratic Chair After Convention". NPR.org. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  13. ^ CNN, Jeff Zeleny, MJ Lee and Eric Bradner. "Dems open convention without Wasserman Schultz". CNN. Retrieved 2016-10-24. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b Arthur, Charles (2013-05-16). "LulzSec: what they did, who they were and how they were caught". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  15. ^ Gilbert, David (2014-09-30). "LulzSec Reunited: Anonymous Hackers Meet for the First Time in Real Life". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  16. ^ United States of America v. Hector Monsegur. Southern District Court of New York. 23 May 2014. Cryptome.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2016.
  17. ^ Watts, Susan (2013-05-16). "Former Lulzsec hacker Jake Davis on his motivations". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  18. ^ "Leading Member of the International Cyber Criminal Group LulzSec Sentenced in Manhattan Federal Court". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  19. ^ "WikiLeaks and Hacktivist Culture". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  20. ^ Hesseldahl, Arik. "Hacking for Human Rights?". WIRED. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  21. ^ "Old-time hacktivists: Anonymous, you've crossed the line". CNET. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  22. ^ D'Amico, Mary Lisbeth. "CNN - Hackers spar over cyber war on Iraq, China - January 13, 1999". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  23. ^ czardalan (2011-01-30), Telecomix Message to North Africa and the Middle east, retrieved 2016-10-21
  24. ^ Greenberg, Andy. "Amid Digital Blackout, Anonymous Mass-Faxes WikiLeaks Cables To Egypt". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  25. ^ Laville, Sandra; correspondent, crime (2012-05-03). "Soca shuts down website after cyber-attack". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-10-20. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  26. ^ Hartley, John; Burgess, Jean; Bruns, Axel (2013-01-09). A Companion to New Media Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118321638.
  27. ^ a b "Chokepoint project introduction". p2pfoundation.ning.com. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  28. ^ Austen, Kat. "Subversive apps help citizens fight state silencing". New Scientist. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  29. ^ "Prix Ars Electronica 2011 – ...and the Golden Nicas go to... - voestalpine". www.voestalpine.com. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  30. ^ "James Burke - The Next Speaker". The Next Speaker. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
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