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Greater redhorse
	Greater Redhorse (Moxostoma valenciennesi)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cypriniformes
Family:	Catostomidae
Genus:	Moxostoma
Species:	M. valenciennesi
Binomial name
	Moxostoma valenciennesi[[File:]]; (D. S. Jordan, 1885)

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Distribution and Habitat

The greater redhorse, Moxostoma valenciennesi, is a species of freshwater fish endemic to states in the northcentral and northeastern United States as well as Ontario and Quebec in Canada. It is typically found in clear, relatively fast-moving rivers and in both shallow and deep waters in some lakes. They are unable to survive in even the slightest polluted waters. They, therefore have the ability to detect contaminated water sources.

Physical Description

The greater redhorse is the largest fish in its genus, averaging around 46 cm (18 in) and 2 kg (4.4 lb) and reaching a maximum size of 80 cm (31.5 in) and 5.9 kg (13 lb). This species of fish have small eye sockets in contrast to their large rounded skull. On either side of the greater redhorse's body are redish, gold pectoral fins and pelvic fins. The posterior part of the dorsal fin varies from slightly concave at youth to slightly convex in adulthood. Their tail fins are only slightly notched used by slow swimming bottom-feeders, as in the Actinopterygii subclass. The greater redhorse is most easily identified by it's bright rusty red colored tail fin and the rows of black spots along it's sides and back.

Diet Habits

A bottom-feeder's mouth opens in the inferior position of the ventral surface of the fish. It feeds on various bottom dwelling organisms including, microcrustaceans, aquatic and larval insects, detritus, snails, and algae.

Reproduction and Life Cycle

Spawning for the greater redhorse will begin in May or June. Before they are able to build their gravel and sand nests, they locate an area in moderately fast waters. Once male territories are established, the females will visit two males at a time and begin their spawning process. The two males will surround the female and perform a shaking motion. This releases both the sperm and eggs from said gendered fish. Upon burial of the eggs, the parents leave with no further parental care needed. Following fertilization, the greater redhorse eggs will hatch six to eight days at a mean temperature of 19° C. Growth rates of this species are controversial among various parts of their habitats.

Conservation Status

Overall, the greater redhorse is being threatened in many of the northern states it calls home. In general, it is not a recreational sporting fish. However, the greater redhorse's status as a prey species is unknown. Because this species is impacted greatly by pollutants, their endangered status may come from a decreased conscientiousness of where wastes are disposed of.

References

"Moxostoma valenciennesi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Moxostoma valenciennesi". FishBase. November 2005 version.
Fishes of Wisconsin. The University of Wisconsin Press. 1983. ISBN 0-299-08790-5.</ref>
NatureServe - Moxostoma valenciennesi
Ohio DNR - Moxostoma valenciennesi
Wisconsin DNR - Moxostoma valenciennesi
U.S. Geological Survey - Moxostoma valenciennesi