User:Kbell90/sandbox

This is Kbell90's sandbox page. I will be using it to learn about formatting and editing without making any changes to other pages. Practice makes perfect!

ANTIANDROGEN PROPOSAL:

For my Wikipedia Project I’ve chosen to research and update the Antiandrogen article. Currently the Wikipage is very general with little to no details or references. Therefore, I want to further explain how antiandrogens work to counteract the effects of androgen. Antiandrogens can work in more than one way: they can decrease the effect of androgen on the body by either lowering the body’s production of androgen or blocking the body’s ability to use the androgens that it produces through altering/blocking receptors. Ideally, I will find diagrams to show several cascades that the antiandrogens cause. I want to not only discuss the cellular effects, but also the external physical effects on fetuses and adults.

As far as specific chemicals in that environment that have been found to have antiandrogenic effects, many can be found in the TEDX list. I’ll begin by researching those chemicals and reading the references sited for them in the TEDX list. Some examples of the chemicals I plan to research are: parabens and phenolic containing small molecules in personal care products, Flutamide, Vinclozolin, pesticides with antiandrogenic properties (procymidone, linuron, iprodione, chlozolinate, p,p'-DDE, and ketoconazole), and many others that I’m sure I will encounter as I research further.

I also want to expand on pharmaceutical uses from antiandrogens. Antiandrogens are prescribed for many reasons including prostate cancer, androgenic alopecia (type of hair loss/pattern baldness), acne, amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods), hirsutism (excessive facial and bodily hair in women), gender reassignment (for male-to-female transsexuals), paraphilias (disorder involving intense/recurrent sexual urges), and virilization (rare extreme hyperandrogenism in females). Continuing my editing, I will most likely edit and create links to the “Antiandrogen” page for the Wikipedia pages relating to the antiandrogenic chemicals and disorders that are a result of antiandrogenic activities.

In summary, my goals are to discuss:

-how antiandrogens work exactly

-environmental antiandrogens: where they're found, how to avoid them, what can be done to counter the effects (if anything)

-expand on the pharmaceutical section and explain why antiandrogen drugs are prescribed

-edit article that should contain a link to the Antiandrogen Wikipage

ANTIANDROGEN OUTLINE:

Pre-Existing Structure of Wiki Stub

Intro:

Indications:

Examples:

Antigen herbs:

Proposed Structure

Introduction

Overview of all sections

Mechanism of Action

• Can decrease effect of androgen on the body by decreasing production
• Effects on androgen receptor will decrease the body’s ability to use androgen
• Antiandrogens can cause androgen independence in prostate cancer tissue
• References:

-Zouboulis CC, Rabe T. [Hormonal antiandrogens in acne treatment]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010 Mar;8 Suppl 1:S60-74. Review. German. PMID 20482693.

-Schröder FH. Progress in understanding androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC): a review of potential endocrine-mediated mechanisms. Eur Urol. 2008 Jun;53(6):1129-37. Epub 2008 Jan 28. Review. PMID 18262723.

-Mowszowicz I. [Antiandrogens. Mechanisms and paradoxical effects]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 1989;50(3):189-99. Review. French. PMID 2530930.

Pesticides and Insecticides

• Atrazine? (inhibits binding to androgen receptor)
• p,p’-DDE (DDT metabolite – inhibits androgen binding to AR)
• Fenitrothion (AR antagonist)
• Kepone (chlordecone) (AR binding affinity)
• Lindane (hexachlorocyclehexane) (inhibits the AR from binding ligands)
• Linuron (AR antagonist)
• Procymidone (AR antagonist)
• Vinclozolin (competes with androgen for receptor, inhibits AR from binding to DNA, alters androgen-dependent gene expression)
• References:

-Vinclozolin, procymidone, p,p’-DDE, linuron: Gray LE, Ostby J, Furr J, Wolf CJ, Lambright C, Parks L, Veeramachaneni DN, Wilson V, Price M, Hotchkiss A, Orlando E, Guillette L. Effects of environmental antiandrogens on reproductive development in experimental animals. Hum Reprod Update. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):248-64. Review. PMID 11392371.

-Vinclozolin: Kavlock R, Cummings A. Mode of action: inhibition of androgen receptor function—vinclozolin-induced mal- formations in reproductive development. 2005. Crit Rev Toxicol 35:721–726

-Fenitrothion: Curtis LR. Organophosphate antagonism of the androgen receptor. Toxicol Sci. 2001 Mar;60(1):1-2. Review. PMID 11222865.

-Kepone: Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. An updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1998 Apr;65(1-6):143-50. Review. PMID 9699867.

-Lindane: Pagès N, Sauviat MP, Bouvet S, Goudey-Perrière F. [Reproductive toxicity of lindane]. J Soc Biol. 2002;196(4):325-38. Review. French. PMID 12645304.

Industrial Chemicals

• Consumer products containing antiandrogenic chemicals
• Phthalates

-Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP)

-Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)

-Diethyl phthalate (DEP)

• Parabens with phenolic moieties

-Methyl-, propyl- and butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate

• References:

-Phthalates: Rider CV, Furr JR, Wilson VS, Gray LE Jr. Cumulative effects of in utero administration of mixtures of reproductive toxicants that disrupt common target tissues via diverse mechanisms of toxicity. Int J Androl. 2010 Apr;33(2):443-62. Review. PMID 20487044; PMC 2874988.

-Phthalates: Rider CV, Wilson VS, Howdeshell KL, Hotchkiss AK, Furr JR, Lambright CR, Gray LE Jr. Cumulative effects of in utero administration of mixtures of "antiandrogens" on male rat reproductive development. Toxicol Pathol. 2009;37(1):100-13. Epub 2009 Jan 15. Review. PMID 19147833.

-Parabens: Darbre PD, Harvey PW. Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks. J Appl Toxicol. 2008 Jul;28(5):561-78. Review. PMID 18484575.

Pharmaceuticals

• Antiandrogens are used to treat:

-Prostate cancer

-Androgenic alopecia (type of hair loss/pattern baldness)

-Acne

-Amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods)

-Hirsutism (excessive facial and bodily hair in women)

-Gender reassignment (for male-to-female transsexuals)

-Paraphilias (disorder involving intense/recurrent sexual urges)

-Virilization (rare extreme hyperandrogenism in females)

• Antiandrogenic chemicals in prescription drugs (may want to separate steroidal from nonsteroidal)

-Spironolactone

-Cyproterone acetate

-Flutamide

-Ketoconazole

-Bicalutamide

-Nilutamide

-Cimetidine

-S-triazine?

-5α-reductase inhibitors: finasteride, bexlosteride, izonsteride, turosteride, epristeride?

-Future peptide antagonists – the future of antiandrogenic drugs

• References:

-Use information and sources from “Indications” on current Wikipage

-Bicalutimide/nilutamide: Akaza H. Combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer: review of efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. Cancer Sci. 2011 Jan;102(1):51-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01774.x. Epub 2010 Nov 22. Review. PMID 21091846.

-Best treatments for prostate cancer: Gillatt D. Antiandrogen treatments in locally advanced prostate cancer: are they all the same? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug;132 Suppl 1:S17-26. Review. PMID 16845534.

-Finasteride: Flores E, Bratoeff E, Cabeza M, Ramirez E, Quiroz A, Heuze I. Steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2003 May;3(3):225-37. Review. PMID 12570838.

-Peptide antagonists: Gao W. Peptide antagonist of the androgen receptor. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(9):1106-13. Review. PMID 20030610.

Phytochemicals

• Antiandrogenic chemicals that occur naturally in plants
• References:

-Use information from “Antigen herbs” section of the current Wikipage

Practice references: