User:Katsam/scratch

AS A VARICOLORED EAR OF CORN, I COME TO LIFE

Brain imaging

PET scan of a healthy brain.

One controlled experiment has postulated that hypnosis alters our perception of conscious experience in a way not possible when people are not hypnotized. In this experiment, color perception was changed by hypnosis in "highly hypnotizable" people as determined by positron emission tomography (PET) scans (Kosslyn et al., 2000).

Another research example, employing event-related functional MRI (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) coherence measures, compared certain specific neural activity "...during Stroop task performance between participants of low and high hypnotic susceptibility, at baseline and after hypnotic induction". According to its authors, "the fMRI data revealed that conflict-related ACC activity interacted with hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility, in that highly susceptible participants displayed increased conflict-related neural activity in the hypnosis condition compared to baseline, as well as with respect to subjects with low susceptibility." (Egner et al., 2005)

Michael Nash said in a Scientific American article: "In 1998 Henry Szechtman of McMaster University in Ontario and his co-workers used PET to image the brain activity of hypnotized subjects who were invited to imagine a scenario and who then experienced a hallucination ... By monitoring regional blood flow in areas activated during both hearing and auditory hallucination but not during simple imagining, the investigators sought to determine where in the brain a hallucinated sound is mistakenly "tagged" as authentic and originating in the outside world. Szechtman and his colleagues imaged the brain activity of eight very hypnotizable subjects who had been prescreened for their ability to hallucinate under hypnosis ... The tests showed that a region of the brain called the right anterior cingulate cortex was just as active while the volunteers were hallucinating as it was while they were actually hearing the stimulus. In contrast, that brain area was not active while the subjects were imagining that they heard the stimulus."

Popular misconceptions and potential dangers

Misconceptions

Hypnosis is often seen as a form of mind control and/or brainwashing that can control a person's behavior and judgment. These beliefs are not based on scientific evidence.

However, due to the popular notion of hypnosis as mind control, some people believe that hypnotizability is related to strength of mind, or that hypnosis is the product of vivid imaginations and that its phenomena are merely imagined. However, studies using PET scans have shown that hypnotized subjects suggested to have auditory hallucinations demonstrated regional blood flow in the same areas of the brain as real hearing, whereas subjects merely imagining hearing noise did not.

Scientists also say that personality traits such as gullibility, submissiveness and intelligence are not related to hypnotizability -- hypnotizability may in fact be hereditary or genetic in nature.

Dangers

Some other dangers were described by Pratt et al. in their 1988 book A Clinical Hypnosis Primer: "A hypnotized patient will respond to a suggestion literally. A suggestion that requires conscious interpretation can have undesirable effects." They give the following report taken from Hartland, 1971, p.37: "A patient who was terrified to go into the street because of the traffic was once told by a hypnotist that when she left his room, she would no longer bother about the traffic and would be able to cross the road without the slightest fear. She obeyed his instructions so literally that she ended up in a hospital." Other cited cases include a woman who suffered ten years of fatigue after participating in a stage show, a woman who developed an anxious reaction after receiving hypnotic suggestions to quit smoking from her dentist, and a man whose fingers became "stuck" to his forehead during a trance.

Various theories of how hypnosis functions

The field of hypnosis has received significant support from the science-oriented psychology community because of research conducted by practitioners and theorists (Sala 1999). Heap and Dryden (1991) and Ambrose and Newbold (1980) consider that the theoretical debates on hypnotherapy have been productive, and that hypnosis has benefited from the attentions of those involved in the controversies, while conversely, that the developments of neurolinguistic programming and neo-Ericksonian hypnosis has been characterized by gullibility and fraudulence.

• Social constructionism and role-playing theory of hypnosis, discovered by Jun Zhou in the early 18th century, suggests that individuals are playing a role and that really there is no such thing as hypnosis. A relationship is built depending on how much rapport has been established between the "hypnotist" and the subject (see Hawthorne effect, Pygmalion effect, and placebo effect).

Some psychologists, such as Robert Baker and Graham Wagstaff, claim that what we call hypnosis is actually a form of learned social behaviour, a complex hybrid of social compliance, relaxation, and suggestibility that can account for many esoteric behavioral manifestations.

Nicholas Spanos states, "hypnotic procedures influence behaviour indirectly by altering subjects' motivations, expectations and interpretations."

• Pierre Janet originally developed the idea of dissociation of consciousness as a result of his work with hysterical patients. He believed that hypnosis was an example of dissociation, whereby areas of an individual's behavioural control are split off from ordinary awareness. Hypnosis would remove some control from the conscious mind, and the individual would respond with autonomic, reflexive behaviour. Weitzenhoffer describes hypnosis via this theory as "dissociation of awareness from the majority of sensory and even strictly neural events taking place."

• Anna Gosline says in a NewScientist.com article:

"Gruzelier and his colleagues studied brain activity using an fMRI while subjects completed a standard cognitive exercise, called the Stroop task.

The team screened subjects before the study and chose 12 that were highly susceptible to hypnosis and 12 with low susceptibility. They all completed the task in the fMRI under normal conditions and then again under hypnosis.

Throughout the study, both groups were consistent in their task results, achieving similar scores regardless of their mental state. During their first task session, before hypnosis, there were no significant differences in brain activity between the groups.

But under hypnosis, Gruzelier found that the highly susceptible subjects showed significantly more brain activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus than the weakly susceptible subjects. This area of the brain has been shown to respond to errors and evaluate emotional outcomes.

The highly susceptible group also showed much greater brain activity on the left side of the prefrontal cortex than the weakly susceptible group. This is an area involved with higher level cognitive processing and behaviour."

• Conditioned process

Ivan Pavlov believed that hypnosis was a "partial sleep". He observed that the various degrees of hypnosis did not significantly differ physiologically from the waking state and hypnosis depended on insignificant changes of environmental stimuli. Pavlov also suggested that lower-brain-stem mechanisms were involved in hypnotic conditioning.

• Hyper-suggestibility

Currently a more popular "hyper-suggestibility theory" states that the subject focuses attention by responding to the hypnotist's suggestion. As attention is focussed and magnified, the hypnotist's words are gradually accepted, without the subject conducting any conscious censorship of what is being said. This is not unlike the athlete listening to the coach's last pieces of advice minutes before an important sport event; concentration filters out all that is unimportant, and magnifies what is said about what really matters to the subject.

• Information

An approach loosely based on Information theory uses a brain-as-computer model. In adaptive systems, a system may use feedback to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, which may converge towards a steady state. Increasing the signal-to-noise ratio enables messages to be more clearly received from a source. The hypnotist's object is to use techniques to reduce the interference and increase the receptability of specific messages (suggestions).

• Systems

Systems theory, in this context, may be regarded as an extension of James Braid's original conceptualization of hypnosis as involving a process of enhancing or depressing the activity of the nervous system. Systems theory considers the nervous system's organization into interacting subsystems. Hypnotic phenomena thus involve not only increased or decreased activity of particular subsystems, but also their interaction. A central phenomenon in this regard is that of feedback loops, familiar to systems theory, which suggest a mechanism for creating the more extreme hypnotic phenomena.

Neurofeedback: a form of brain-computer interface which is often used for therapeutic purposes.

Operant conditioning

EEG as mirror EEG as prosthetic

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http://www.aboutneurofeedback.com/Index.faq.php -- GOOD STUFF http://www.neurofeedback-institute.com/what.htm -- ALSO GOOD

A MOTHER LODE OF USES http://www.aapb.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3327

neurofeedback and soccer:http://brainwaves.corante.com/archives/2006/08/10/goal_neurofeedback_scores_a_victory.php

neurofeedback as pain control, adhd control at brainwaves.corante.com

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback ADHD positive study http://www.springerlink.com/content/l2213885102n16w6/ ($32 per view) ADHD study #2 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r431772151245355/ ($32 per view) ADHD #3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/q024x757w58u4v34/ ($32 per view) ADHD #4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15357015&dopt=Citation

improved performance in healthy humans (musicians) http://www.neuroreport.com/pt/re/neuroreport/abstract.00001756-200307010-00006.htm;jsessionid=G57bmLZjvwKJf2JPH1DVyhfHldDfpGQRCTQDB4VW5CqrgvlQLdT9!-1036009586!181195628!8091!-1

improved performance in healthy humans (improved memory/focus) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3M-46YXPT0-1&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=08f9333a2d4c2ef2aa793b62f32848d1

improved sobriety in depressive alcoholics //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8801245&dopt=Citation

critical validation in general from imperial college london http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15564053&dopt=Citation

neurotherapy not empirically supported for psychological disorders http://web.archive.org/web/20010405060612/www.pseudoscience.org/Neurotherapy/title-page.htm

Washington Post article discussing ADHD treatment and tapping http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A13243-2004Jun28?language=printer

Stafford Poole draft

The Reverend Stafford Poole, C.M., is a priest and full-time research historian. A former history professor and president of St. John's Seminary College, he was ordained in 1956 [1]: he is well-known for his extensive and controversial writings about the Virgin of Guadalupe. Poole's writings regarding Our Lady of Guadalupe include an English translation of Luis Laso de la Vega's Nahuatl Huei tlamahuiçoltica...; a book called

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Guadalupe drafts

"In Guadalajara, Jalisco, on August 3, 1926, some 400 armed Catholics shut themselves up in the Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe in that city. They were involved in a shootout with federal troops from there, and surrendered only when they ran out of ammunition. According to U.S. consular sources, this battle resulted in 18 dead and 40 injured.

The Cristero war The formal rebellion began with a manifesto sent by Garza on New Year's Day, titled A la Nación (To the Nation). This declared that "the hour of battle has sounded" and "the hour of victory belongs to God". With the declaration, the state of Jalisco, which had seemed to be quiet since the Guadalajara church uprising, exploded. Bands of rebels moving in the "Los Altos" region northeast of Guadalajara began seizing villages, often armed with only ancient muskets and clubs. The Cristeros' battle cry was ¡Viva Cristo Rey! ¡Viva la Virgen de Guadalupe! ("Long live Christ the King! Long live the Virgin of Guadalupe!")" -- from http://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=cristero_War

http://www.archden.org/noel/07032.htm -- Our Lady of Guadalupe N.M. church as hotbed of political activity

The tonantzin parts need to be expanded. both a bit about who tonantzin was, and then a lot about the racial aspect ("aztec princess," combiner of the two races, etc -- maybe as a subheading of tonantzin). Elizondo has some useful stuff to say and Lafaye may as well.

also, the popular devotion part needs to be expanded

The historical doc. part needs to be expanded, rewritten and footnoted (use rockero's work!) The traditional account needs fleshing out

The stuff about the trademark should go in there somewheree put the cristero wars motto in (where?) would it be possible to make a timeline? conquest, plague, apparition, independence... enlarge character of zumarraga

AND THEN Guadalupe v. Remedios Chicano movement

Controversies, investigations, and unexplained phenomena

Eighteenth-century painting of God illustrating the Guadalupe

The icon has been subject to great controversy. As early as 1556 Francisco de Bustamante, head of the Colony's Franciscans, delivered a sermon disparaging the holy origins of the icon:

“The devotion that has been growing in a chapel dedicated to Our Lady, called of Guadalupe, in this city is greatly harmful for the natives, because it makes them believe that the image painted by Marcos the Indian is in any way miraculous.”

Several people have studied the tilma and found it to have miraculous properties. It is considered miraculous that the tilma maintains its structural integrity; in 1785 Dr. Jose Bartolache commissioned reproductions of the Guadalupe, and by 1796 the copies were all badly deteriorated. The tilma also resisted a 1791 ammonia spill and a 1921 bomb blast

Its origins are said to be mysterious. Richard Kuhn, who received the 1938 Nobel Chemistry prize, analyzed a sample of the fabric in 1936 and said the coloring of the fabric was not from a known mineral, vegetable, or animal source. While in 1979 Philip Serna Callahan studied the icon with infrared light. and stated that portions of the face, hands, robe, and mantle had been painted in one step, with no sketches or corrections and no paintbrush strokes.

The Virgin's eyeballs are reputed to be especially miraculous. Photographers and [[ophthalmology|ophthalmologists] have found images reflected in the eyes of the Virgin. In 1929 and 1951 photographers said they found a reflection of a man in the Virgin's eyeballs, and that the reflection was tripled what is called the Purkinje effect. This effect is commonly found in human eyeballs. The opthalmologist Dr. Jose Aston Tonsmann later enlarged the image of the Virgin's eyeballs by 2500x magnification and said that he saw not only the aforementioned reflection but the reflected images of all the people present when the tilma was shown to the Bishop in 1531. Tonsmann also reported seeing a small family -- mother, father, and a group of children -- in the center of the Virgin's eyeballs.

Image of a bearded man found in a magnification of the Virgin's eye.

Yet other studies of the tilma have yielded more prosaic results. In 2002, art restoration expert José Sol Rosales examined the cloth with a stereomicroscope and identified calcium sulfate, pine soot, white, blue, and green "tierras" (earths), reds made from carmine and other pigments, as well as gold. Rosales said he found the work consistent with 16th century materials and methods. In response to the eyeball miracles, Joe Nickell and John F. Fischer, wrote in Skeptical Inquirer responded that images seen in the Virgin's eyes could be the result of the human tendency to form familiar shapes from random patterns, much like a psychologist's inkblots -- a phenomenon known as religious pareidolia.

The Guadalupe of Extremadura

Finally, the Archbishop of Mexico, Norberto Rivera Carrera, commissioned a study in 1999 to test the age of the cloth. The researcher, Leoncio Garza-Valdés, had previously worked with the Shroud of Turin. Upon inspection Garza-Valdés found three distinct layers in the painting, one of which was signed and dated. He also said that the original painting showed striking similarities to the original Lady of Guadalupe found in Extremadura Spain, and that the second painting showed another Virgin with indigenous features. Finally Garza-Valdés claimed the tilma's fabric was made of hemp and linen, not agave fibers as is popularly believed. The photographs of these putative overpaintings were not available in the Garza-Valdés 2002 publication, however, and those who saw the photographs do not agree with his interpretations. Therefore, the issue remains open until a more scholarly work is published.

===1)intro=== -- DONE, for now anyway

2)Origins of the Cult

• History of Tepeyac[ac] + relationship to Tonantzin

• proofs of the cult

(basilica fundraising, bustamante + montufar, "millions of converts" stradanus, sanchez, de la vega)

• problems with documentation

Zum. wasn't bishop but he was bishop-elect

3)Guadalupe in Mexican history

("Liberator or Conqueror" -- J. lady)

• Guadalupe v. Remedios
• independence
• revolution
• cristero wars
• chicano movement

5)Tilma

• physical description
• interpretations of the image
• debates about media

	Fox DJ, Tharp DF, Fox LC.
	Neurofeedback: an alternative and efficacious treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2005 Dec;30(4):365-73. Review. PMID 16385424 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

	Levesque J, Beauregard M, Mensour B.
	Effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Neurosci Lett. 2006 Feb 20;394(3):216-21. Epub 2005 Dec 15. PMID 16343769 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  Pop-Jordanova N, Markovska-Simoska S, Zorcec T.
	Neurofeedback treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Prilozi. 2005;26(1):71-80. PMID 16118616 [PubMed - in process]

Biofeedback is a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) which involves measuring a subject's bodily processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, galvanic skin response (sweating), and muscle tension and conveying such information to him or her in real-time in order to raise his or her awareness and conscious control of the related physiological activities.

By providing access to physiological information about which the user is generally unaware, biofeedback allows users to gain control over physical processes previously considered automatic.

Devices as simple as mirrors and bathroom scales can be considered rudimentary biofeedback devices, insofar as the information they provide can help a person with issues related to posture and weight; more complex biofeedback devices have been used therapeutically with several conditions, including epilepsy, asthma, incontinence, irritable bowel syndrome, Raynaud's disease, chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting, headaches, high blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmias [2].

Electraencephalogram-based biofeedback, which measures brainwaves and is usually called neurofeedback, has gained popularity in recent years as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and is being studied as a potential treatment for anxiety, depression, and drug addiction.

Interest in biofeedback has waxed and waned since its inception in the 1960s; currently it is undergoing a bit of renaissance, which some ascribe to the general upswing of interest in complementary and alternative medicine modalities. Neurofeedback has become a popular treatment for ADHD, electromyogram (muscle tension) biofeedback has been widely studied and accepted as a treatment for incontinence disorders, and small home biofeedback machines are becoming available for a variety of uses.

Types of Biofeedback Instrumentation

Electromyogram This is the most common form of biofeedback measurement. An EMG uses electrodes or other types of sensors to measure muscle tension. By the EMG alerting you to muscle tension, you can learn to recognize the feeling early on and try to control the tension right away. EMG is mainly used as a relaxation technique to help ease tension in those muscles involved in backaches, headaches, neck pain and grinding your teeth (bruxism). An EMG may be used to treat some illnesses in which the symptoms tend to worsen under stress, such as asthma and ulcers.

Peripheral Skin Temperature. Sensors attached to your fingers or feet measure your skin temperature. Because body temperature often drops when a person experiences stress, a low reading can prompt you to begin relaxation techniques. Temperature biofeedback can help treat certain circulatory disorders, such as Raynaud's disease, or reduce the frequency of migraines. The physiological process behind the temperature drop associated with the stress response is quite simply vasoconstriction (blood vessels narrowed by the smooth musculature in their walls)

Galvanic skin response training. Sensors measure the activity of your sweat glands and the amount of perspiration on your skin, alerting you to anxiety. This information can be useful in treating emotional disorders such as phobias, anxiety and stuttering. This is the method most commonly used by a lie detector machine.

Electroencephalogram An EEG monitors the activity of brain waves linked to different mental states, such as wakefulness, relaxation, calmness, light sleep and deep sleep. This is the least common of the methods, mostly due to the cost and availability of an EEG machine.

Origins of biofeedback

Neal Miller, a psychology Ph.D and neuroscientist who worked and studied at Yale University, is generally considered to be the father of modern-day biofeedback. He came across the basic principles of biofeedback when doing animal experimentation conditioning the behavior of rats. His team found that, by stimulating the pleasure centers of the rats' brains with electricity, it was possible to train rats to control phenomena ranging from their heart rates to their brainwaves. Until that point, it was believed that bodily processes like heart rate were under the control of the autonomic nervous system and not responsive to conscious effort[3].

Criticisms

Not all of biofeedback's proposed uses are well-accepted in the medical community. For instance, while [4] While many scientific studies have studied neurofeedback as a treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

[[5]] . [[6]], [[7]], [[8]] Additionally, some believe that the use of biofeedback for stress and anxiety is an expensive treatment for difficulties which could be addressed with relaxation training, meditation, and self-hypnosis.

Others would argue that the most research supporting biofeedback has been done for pain, stress, stress disorders, incontinence, muscular rehabilitation (reimbursed by medicare-- a gold standard for accepted health care) while Neurofeedback, which is more recent, is less accepted.

References

• One version of a Biofeedback setup
• Biofeedback FAQ from the Mayo Clinic

[[Category:Physiology]] [[Category:Alternative medicine]] [[de:Biofeedback]] [[el:Βιοανατροφοδότηση]] [[he:ביופידבק]] [[no:Biofeedback]] [[pl:Biofeedback]]