User:Katesingletary/sandbox

Additions to Visual Search Article: Final Draft

(I first fixed some small grammatical and/or punctuation errors in the section.)

Paragraphs added:

Feature Integration Theory Section

The FIT is a dichotomy because of the distinction between its two stages: the preattentive and attentive stages. Preattentive processes are those performed in the first stage of the FIT model, in which the simplest features of the object are being analyzed, such as color, size, and arrangement. The second attentive stage of the model incorporates cross-dimensional processing, and the actual identification of an object is done and information about the target object is put together. This theory has not always been what it is today; there have been disagreements and problems with its proposals that have allowed the theory to be amended and altered over time, and this criticism and revision has allowed it to become more accurate in its description of visual search. There have been disagreements over whether or not there is a clear distinction between feature detection and other searches that use a master map accounting for multiple dimensions in order to search for an object. Some psychologists support the idea that feature integration is completely separate from this type of master map search, whereas many others have decided that feature integration incorporates this use of a master map in order to locate an object in multiple dimensions.

The FIT also explains that there is a distinction between the brain's processes that are being used in a parallel versus a focal attention task. Chan and Hayward have conducted multiple experiments supporting this idea by demonstrating the role of dimensions in visual search. While exploring whether or not focal attention can reduce the costs caused by dimension-switching in visual search, they explained that the results collected supported the mechanisms of the feature integration theory in comparison to other search-based approaches. They discovered that single dimensions allow for a much more efficient search regardless of the size of the area being searched, but once more dimensions are added it is much more difficult to efficiently search, and the bigger the area being searched the longer it takes for one to find the target.

Face Recognition Section

Patients with forms of dementia can also have deficits in facial recognition and the ability to recognize human emotions in the face. In a meta-analysis of nineteen different studies comparing normal adults with dementia patients in their abilities to recognize facial emotions, the patients with frontotemporal dementia were seen to have a lower ability to recognize many different emotions. These patients were much less accurate than the control participants (and even in comparison with Alzheimer's patients) in recognizing negative emotions, but were not significantly impaired in recognizing happiness. Anger and disgust in particular were the most difficult for the dementia patients to recognize.

Face recognition is a complex process that has many more factors that can affect one's recognition abilities. Other aspects to be considered include race and culture and their effects on one's ability to recognize faces. Some factors such as the other race effect can influence one's ability to recognize and remember faces. There are so many factors, both environmental and individually internal, that can affect this task that it can be difficult to isolate and study each and every idea.

Outline of additions/ideas

Additions to make in feature Integration theory section

- Role of dimension in visual search and feature integration (Chan & Hayward, 2009)

- Being able to discriminate one feature from another, feature-discrimination task study (Chan & Hayward, 2009)

- Preattentive and attentive processes (Chan & Hayward, 2009)

- Dichotomy in feature integration theory (Chan & Hayward, 2009)

- How the theory was developed; the original theory and changes and amendments that have caused the theory to be what it is now (Quinlan, 2003)

- Concepts such as feature maps, practice effects, feature discriminability, McCollough effect (Quinlan, 2003)

- Studies on versions of the feature integration theory (Quinlan, 2003)

- Feature inhibition (Quinlan, 2003)

- Feature Integration in comparison to the attentional engagement theory (Quinlan, 2003)

Additions to make in face recognition section

- Role of race in face recognition (Kaspar, 2016)

- Bias in face recognition (Kaspar, 2016)

- Role of culture in recognizing faces (Kaspar, 2016)

- How facial recognition can be affected by diseases, such as Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia (Bora, Velakoulis, & Walterfang, 2016)

- Not only being able to recognize faces, but also being able to recognize emotion in faces (Bora, Velakoulis, & Walterfang, 2016)

- Facial emotion recognition impairments (Bora, Velakoulis, & Walterfang, 2016)

Sources

Bora, E., Velakoulis, D., & Walterfang, M. (2016). Meta-analysis of facial emotion recognition in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: Comparison with Alzheimer disease and healthy controls. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 29(4), 205–211. http://doi.org/10.1177/0891988716640375

Chan, L. K. H., & Hayward, W. G. (2009). Feature integration theory revisited: Dissociating feature detection and attentional guidance in visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(1), 119–132. http://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.35.1.119

Kaspar, K. (2016). Culture, group membership, and face recognition. Commentary: Will you remember me? Cultural differences in own-group face recognition biases. Frontiers in Psychology, 7.

Quinlan, P. T. (2003). Visual feature integration theory: Past, present, and future. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 643–673. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.643