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In the early years of its armed resistance campaign, the African National Congress and its armed wing, uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), used whatever arms and war materiel it could lay its hands on. ANC members in exile became adept at building home-made explosives, including time bombs, from materials the movement could acquire from commercial sources.[1] According to Nelson Mandela, as early as 1953 the ANC began sending delegations abroad to petition sympathetic governments for military aid.[2] From the early 1960s, the ANC became more influenced by the South African Communist Party (SACP), which enjoyed close political ties to the Soviet Union.[2] Following the SACP and ANC's formation of MK in 1961, SACP members such as Arthur Goldreich made several tours of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact member states to solicit military aid.[2] Beginning in 1963, the Soviet Union became the largest contributor of war materiel and arms to MK. It supplied an estimated 36 million rubles' worth of military equipment to MK from 1963 to 1990, including pistols, rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers, and ammunition.[3] By 1982 an estimated 90% of MK's equipment was of Soviet origin.[4] MK used these weapons during its economic sabotage activities inside South Africa, as well as in semi-conventional military operations in Angola and elsewhere.[5]

MK cadres were frequently sent to the Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent East Germany, to receive military training on these weapons abroad.[4] However, the Soviet Union, East Germany, and Cuba also sent military instructors to help train MK cadres in friendly African nations where the ANC operated in exile, such as Angola, Tanzania, Uganda, and Ethiopia.[4][6] MK stored most of its equipment in large arms depots located in neighbouring states around South Africa, and operated various smuggling routes to bring this materiel to its domestic insurgent cells.[7] The materiel was smuggled across the border in small quantities and then mostly cached in major urban centers where the ANC had a large and active political following.[8]

Although the MK was never able to achieve parity in conventional weapons with the South African security forces, by the early 1990s it had stockpiled enough small arms inside the country to mount a determined guerrilla campaign indefinitely.[9] The small arms most commonly carried by MK insurgents included TT-33 and Makarov pistols, Škorpion vz. 61 submachine guns, and Kalashnikov-pattern assault rifles.[10][11] MK also amassed one of southern Africa's largest stockpiles of land mines held by a non-state entity, consisting of over 19,000 anti-tank mines, 13,000 anti-personnel mines, and 5,000 limpet mines.[12]

After the end of apartheid, MK surrendered oversight of its depots and equipment to the newly constituted South African National Defence Force (SANDF).[7]

Small arms

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Model Image Origin Type Calibre Notes
Pistols
TT-33[11]  Soviet Union Pistol 7.62x25mm
Makarov PM[1]  Soviet Union Pistol 9x18mm
Stechkin APS[13]  Soviet Union Machine pistol 9x18mm
Submachine guns
PPSH-41  Soviet Union Submachine gun 7.62x25mm Recovered from MK caches in Mozambique.[14]
Sa vz. 25[15]  Czechoslovakia Submachine gun 9x19mm
Škorpion Vz. 61  Czechoslovakia Submachine gun .32 ACP Possibly up to 2,000 delivered by Czechoslovakia.[16]
Rifles
SKS  Soviet Union Semi-automatic rifle 7.62x39mm 3,362 delivered by the Soviet Union.[17]
AK-47  Soviet Union Assault rifle 7.62x39mm "Several thousand" delivered by the Soviet Union.[17]
AKM  Soviet Union Assault rifle 7.62x39mm Issued to some MK cadres by the late 1980s.[18][13]
PM md. 63  Romania Assault rifle 7.62x39mm Recovered from MK arms caches in Mozambique.[14]
Dragunov SVD[19]  Soviet Union Precision rifle 7.62×54mmR
Machine guns
RPD  Soviet Union Light machine gun 7.62x39mm Recovered from MK caches in Mozambique.[14]
RPK  Soviet Union Light machine gun 7.62x39mm Recovered from MK caches in Mozambique.[14]
RP-46[19]  Soviet Union Light machine gun 7.62×54mmR
PK  Soviet Union Medium machine gun 7.62×54mmR Recovered from MK caches in Mozambique.[14]
Portable anti-tank weapons
RPG-7[20]  Soviet Union Rocket-propelled grenade 85mm
9M14 Malyutka  Soviet Union Anti-tank guided missile 125mm 20 delivered by the Soviet Union.[17]

Grenades and explosives

[edit]
Model Image Origin Type Notes
F1[13]  Soviet Union Hand grenade
TM-57  Soviet Union Anti-tank mine Some recovered from an MK cache in Umgababa in 1985.[15]
MPM/Type 158[13]  Soviet Union Limpet mine

Light artillery and air defence

[edit]
Model Image Origin Type Calibre Notes
Artillery
9P132 Grad-P  Soviet Union Rocket launcher 122mm 90 delivered by the Soviet Union.[17]
B-11[19]  Soviet Union Recoilless rifle 107mm
9K32 Strela-2  Soviet Union Man-portable surface-to-air missile 72mm Over 40 delivered by the Soviet Union.[17]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Magubane & Houston 2004, p. 472.
  2. ^ a b c Taylor 2006, p. 129.
  3. ^ Shubin 2008, p. 249.
  4. ^ a b c Kolasa 2016, p. 56.
  5. ^ Kolasa 2016, p. 57.
  6. ^ CIA 1986, p. 33.
  7. ^ a b Douek 2020, p. 268.
  8. ^ Douek 2020, p. 106.
  9. ^ Douek 2020, p. 51.
  10. ^ Aldrich 1988, p. 2.
  11. ^ a b Rubenzer 2007, p. 702.
  12. ^ HRW 1999.
  13. ^ a b c d Stiff 2001, p. 431.
  14. ^ a b c d e Moorcraft 1981, p. 111.
  15. ^ a b TRC 2000.
  16. ^ Lodge 2021, p. 403.
  17. ^ a b c d e Shubin 2008, p. 250.
  18. ^ Douek 2020, p. 165.
  19. ^ a b c CIA 1986, p. 32.
  20. ^ Magubane & Houston 2004, p. 473.

References

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Online sources

  • Aldrich, J.S (28 June 1988). "Letter dated 24 June 1988 from the charge d'affaires A.I. of the Permanent Mission of South Africa to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General" (PDF). New York: United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  • CIA, (various) (31 July 1986). "The African National Congress of South Africa: Organization, Communist Ties, and Short-Term Prospects" (PDF). Langley: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  • HRW, (various) (1999). "Africa Signatories". New York City: Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  • TRC, (various) (5 September 2000). "AUDWAY QONDA MSOMI". Pretoria: Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2024.

Bibliography

  • Douek, Daniel (2020). Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in South Africa. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1849048804.
  • Kolasa, Thomas Stanley (11 January 2016). The South African Communist Party: Adapting to Thrive in a Post-Communist Age. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0786478040.
  • Lodge, Tom (2021). Red Road to Freedom: A History of the South African Communist Party, 1921-2021. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1847013217.
  • Magubane, Bernard; Houston, Gregory (2004). The Road to Democracy in South Africa. Vol. 2. Johannesburg: Zebra Press. ISBN 978-1868884063.
  • Moorcraft, Paul (1 January 1981). Africa's Super Power. Johannesburg: Sygma Books & Collins Vaal. ISBN 978-0868760094.
  • Rubenzer, Trevor (2007). Heo, Uk; DeRouen, Karl (eds.). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851099207.
  • Shubin, Vladimir Gennadyevich (2008). The Hot "Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-2472-2.
  • Stiff, Peter (2001). Warfare by Other Means: South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. Alberton (South Africa): Galago Publishing. ISBN 978-1919854014.
  • Taylor, Ian (27 September 2006). China and Africa: Engagement and Compromise. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415397407.


References

[edit]

https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90R00961R000600050009-1.pdf

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