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Islamic Republic of Pakistan
  • اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاكِستان (Urdu)
  • Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān[1]
Motto: Īmān, Ittihād, Nazam
ایمان، اتحاد، نظم (Urdu)
"Faith, Unity, Discipline" [2]
Anthem: Qaumī Tarānah
قَومی ترانہ
"The National Anthem"[3]
Location of Pakistan (dark green); claimed but uncontrolled region (light green)
Location of Pakistan (dark green); claimed but uncontrolled region (light green)
CapitalIslamabad
33°41′30″N 73°03′00″E / 33.69167°N 73.05000°E / 33.69167; 73.05000
Largest cityKarachi
24°51′36″N 67°00′36″E / 24.86000°N 67.01000°E / 24.86000; 67.01000
Official languages
Recognised regional languages
National languagesUrdu[11][12]
Auxiliary languagesArabic[13]
Ethnic groups
Religion
Demonym(s)Pakistani
MembershipUN, WTO, ECO, SAARC, G24, SCO, ARF, Commonwealth of Nations
GovernmentFederal parliamentary constitutional republic
• President
Arif Alvi
Imran Khan
Sadiq Sanjrani
Asad Qaiser
Asif Saeed Khan Khosa
LegislatureParliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
National Assembly
Independence 
from the United Kingdom
• Dominion
14 August 1947
23 March 1956
14 August 1973
Area
• Total
881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi)[a][18] (33rd)
• Water (%)
2.86
Population
• 2017 census
212,742,631[19] (5th)
• Density
244.4/km2 (633.0/sq mi) (56th)
GDP (PPP)2017 estimate
• Total
$1.060 trillion[20] (25th)
• Per capita
$5,374[20] (137th)
GDP (nominal)2017 estimate
• Total
$304.4 billion[21] (42nd)
• Per capita
$1,629[22] (145th)
Gini (2013)30.7[23]
medium inequality
HDI (2017)Increase 0.562[24]
medium (150th)
CurrencyPakistani rupee (₨) (PKR)
Time zoneUTC+5b (PST)
Drives onleft[25]
Calling code+92
ISO 3166 codePK
Internet TLD.pk
Website
www.pakistan.gov.pk
  1. See also Pakistani English.:^α
  2. ^ The Arabic language is officially recognised by the constitution of Pakistan.[13]

Pakistan[b] (Urdu: پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia. It is the world’s sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 212,742,631 people.[19] In area, it is the 33rd-largest country, spanning 881,913 square kilometres (340,509 square miles). Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China in the far northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.

The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures and intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent. The ancient history involves the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including Persians, Hindus, Indo-Greeks, Muslims, Turco-Mongols, Afghans and Sikhs. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including Achaemenid Empire, Alexander III of Macedon, Seleucid Empire, Maurya Empire, Gupta Empire,[26] Umayyad Caliphate, Delhi Sultanate, Mongol Empire, Mughal Empire, Durrani Empire, Sikh Empire and, most recently, British Empire.[27][28] Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam.[27][28] It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife.

A regional[29][30][31] and middle power,[32][33][34] Pakistan has the sixth-largest standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear-weapons state, the second in South Asia and the only nation in the Muslim world to have that status. Pakistan has a semi-industrialised economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector and a growing services sector.[35][36] It is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world,[37][38] and is backed by one of the world's largest and fastest-growing middle class.[39][40] Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterized by periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with India. The country continues to face challenging problems, including overpopulation, terrorism, poverty, illiteracy, and corruption.[41][42][43][44]

  1. ^ James Minahan (2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.
  2. ^ "The State Emblem". Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  3. ^ "National Symbols and Things of Pakistan". Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  4. ^ "SC orders immediate implementation of Urdu as official language". The Express Tribune. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  5. ^ "Pakistan to replace English with Urdu as official language". The Express Tribune. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  6. ^ "PM approves implementation of Urdu language in govt departments – Pakistan – Dunya News". dunyanews.tv.
  7. ^ Irfan Haider (10 July 2015). "PM, president to deliver speeches in Urdu on foreign trips, SC told". dawn.com.
  8. ^ "Govt. submits plan to Supreme Court to promote Urdu as official language". The News Teller.
  9. ^ "Population by Mother Tongue". Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference state.gov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference National language was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference yasmeen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference CP/31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ "Pakistan" The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Article_2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. February 2005. Religion: Approximately 1.6 percent of the population is Hindu, 1.6 percent is Christian, and 0.3 percent belongs to other religions, such as Bahaism and Sikhism.
  17. ^ "Pakistan statistics". Geohive. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  18. ^ "Where is Pakistan?". worldatlas.com.
  19. ^ a b "Pakistan Bureau of Statistics – 6th Population and Housing Census". www.pbscensus.gov.pk.
  20. ^ a b "Pakistan". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  21. ^ "Pakistan is now a $300-billion economy". The Express Tribune. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  22. ^ http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/Economic_Indicators.pdf
  23. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  24. ^ "Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 14 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  25. ^ Miguel Loureiro (28 July 2005). "Driving—the good, the bad and the ugly". Daily Times. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  26. ^ Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6184-6.
  27. ^ a b Hussain, Rizwan. Pakistan. Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in its relationship with Islam: it is the only country to have been established in the name of Islam {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  28. ^ a b Talbot, Ian (2 February 1984). "Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan". History Today. As British rule there drew to an end, many Muslims demanded, in the name of Islam, the creation of a separate Pakistan state.
  29. ^ Buzan, Barry; Wæver, Ole (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-89111-0. In the framework of their regional security complex theory (RSCT), Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and influence the global level (or system level) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less effect at the global level. This category of regional powers includes Brazil, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey.
  30. ^ Rajagopalan, Rajesh (2011), "Pakistan: regional power, global problem?", in Nadine Godehardt; Dirk Nabers (eds.), Regional Orders and Regional Powers, Routledge, pp. 193–208, ISBN 978-1-136-71891-5
  31. ^ Paul, T. V. (2012). International Relations Theory and Regional Transformation. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-107-02021-4. Retrieved 3 February 2017. The regional powers such as Israel or Pakistan are not simple bystanders of great power politics in their regions; they attempt to asymmetrically influence the major power system often in their own distinct ways.
  32. ^ Barry Buzan (2004). The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century. Polity. pp. 71, 99. ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  33. ^ Hussein Solomon. "South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership". Archived from the original on 24 June 2002. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  34. ^ Vandamme, Dorothee. "Pakistan and Saudi Arabia : Towards Greater Independence in their Afghan Foreign Policy?" (PDF). Université catholique de Louvain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2016. Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small, but not enough to be major powers. Within the limits of their regions, they play a significant political role. Thus instinctively, they would qualify as middle powers. While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan's definition of middle powers, we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear-armed. When looking at the numbers, for instance, it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers (see in this regard Ping, 2007).
  35. ^ Bhatti, Muhammad Umer Saleem (22 June 2015). "Services sector: domestic and outward growth". Dawn. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  36. ^ Memon, Abdul Qadir (10 May 2015). "Services sector: Realising Pakistan's export potential". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  37. ^ Iqbal, Anwar (8 November 2015). "Pakistan an emerging market economy: IMF". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  38. ^ Kaplan, Seth. "Is Pakistan an emerging market?". Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  39. ^ "Pakistan has 18th largest 'middle class' in the world: report". The Express Tribune. 16 October 2015.
  40. ^ "GDP ranking | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  41. ^ Mathew Joseph C. (2016). Understanding Pakistan: Emerging Voices from India. Taylor & Francis. p. 337. ISBN 978-1-351-99725-6.
  42. ^ "Poverty in Pakistan: Numerous efforts, many numbers, not enough results – AidData". aiddata.org.
  43. ^ "70% decline in terrorist attacks in Pakistan – The Express Tribune". tribune.com.pk. 9 September 2015.
  44. ^ "Pakistan sees 748% rise in terror deaths over 10 years". Scroll. 5 May 2015.


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