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Typhoon Mujigae (Kabayan)
Typhoon Mujigae over the Leizhou Peninsula on October 4
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 30, 2015
DissipatedOctober 5, 2015
Very strong typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds155 km/h (100 mph)
Lowest pressure950 hPa (mbar); 28.05 inHg
Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds215 km/h (130 mph)
Lowest pressure937 hPa (mbar); 27.67 inHg
Supertyphoon
10-minute sustained (CMA)
Highest winds185 km/h (115 mph)
Lowest pressure935 hPa (mbar); 27.61 inHg
Severe typhoon
10-minute sustained (HKO)
Highest winds175 km/h (110 mph)
Lowest pressure940 hPa (mbar); 27.76 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities≥ 31
Missing12
Economic losses$4.3 billion (2015 USD)[nb 1]
Areas affectedPhilippines, China (particularly Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan), Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
IBTrACS
Part of the 2015 Pacific typhoon season

Effects in mainland China

[edit]

Typhoon Mujigae brought severe impacts to the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan from October 3 to 6, affecting over 7.5 million people and killing 27. With economic losses estimated at ¥27 billion (US$4.2 billion), Mujigae was the costliest typhoon to impact China in 2015. At landfall in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, the China Meteorological Administration estimated Mujigae to have winds of 50 m/s (180 km/h; 110 mph) and a central pressure of 940 hPa (27.76 inHg), making Mujigae the strongest typhoon to make landfall in China in the month of October since 1949. The three provinces experienced strong winds of at least Force 9 on the Beaufort scale, with a peak gust of 67.2 m/s (242 km/h; 150 mph) recorded in Zhanjiang. Torrential rain fell over the region throughout the four days, leading to rainfall accumulations of 100–500 mm (3.9–19.7 in). The outer rainbands of Mujigae also produced tornadoes in parts of Guangdong on October 4.[1][2] Power outages occurred in much of the region and transport lines were cut. Mujigae came ashore during a week-long holiday (known as a "Golden Week") in lieu of China's National Day, disrupting the plans of many tourists seeking to travel to the southern coast.[3][4] Mujigae's track and rapid intensification prior to landfall drew comparisons to Typhoon Rammasun, which significantly impacted similar areas a year earlier.[5]

Guangdong

[edit]

Ahead of the storm, the China Meteorological Administration issued red alerts for the province, expecting wind gusts exceeding 200 km/h (120 mph) and rainfall accumulations of 250–280 mm (9.8–11.0 in).[6] The Qiongzhou Strait was closed to marine traffic on the evening of October 2, and nearly 40,000 fishing boats west of Shanwei returned to port to shelter in Guangdong.[7] Coastal tourist attractions in the province were closed from October 3.[8] The suspension of ferry services to offshore islands left 503 tourists on Fangji Island stranded; strong winds hampered attempts to return them to the mainland.[9][10] The National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center issued warnings for storm surge and large waves that same day.[11] Flights out of Zhuhai and Zhanjiang were canceled.[9] China Southern Power Grid readied 24,000 workers to address any power disruptions.[4] Authorities evacuated 170,400 people in vulnerable areas.[12]

Mujigae made landfall in Potou District, Zhanjiang, on the afternoon of October 4. The typhoon brought high winds and heavy rain to over 3.53 million people in Guangdong,[12] and spawned at least three tornadoes in the province.[13] One tornado touched down in Guangzhou's Panyu District, killing three and injuring 134.[14] The tornado damaged several houses and factories, blew down trees, tripped an electrical substation, and damaged power cables. Large parts of Panyu and Haizhu Districts thus lost power for the first time in 23 years. Tourists visiting the Canton Tower in Haizhu had to be evacuated after it suffered a blackout. The power outages had a further knock-on effect on communications and water infrastructure, resulting in greater disruption.[13] Another tornado touched down in Shunde District, Foshan, causing four deaths and 89 injuries,[14][12] while inflicting roughly ¥130 million (US$29 million) of damage. The tornado touched down for 32 minutes and traveled 30.85 km (19.17 mi) northwest, leaving a damage swath of diameter between 20 and 570 m (22 and 623 yd).[15] It was also noted to have possessed twin funnels at peak intensity.[16] The Foshan tornado was rated EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, based on observations of collapsed tower cranes and destroyed factories and warehouses. A third tornado—this time a waterspout—occurred near the coast of Shanwei.[15][13] For context, tornadoes in China are rather uncommon: less than 100 were recorded over the past 50 years, of which about 20 were at or above EF3 intensity. Hence, when Mujigae impacted China in 2015, the country had no systems in place to forecast tornadoes and issue relevant warnings, likely contributing to an elevated number of fatalities and more extensive damage.[15][17]

Damage was most severe in Zhanjiang, the site of Mujigae's landfall. The city experienced widespread blackouts and disruptions to water supplies and telecommunications, which hampered damage assessments.[18] The storm sank two fishing boats docked in the city's port, drowning three and leaving four missing. A collapsed building in Xiashan District killed another.[19] Elsewhere, landslides killed a total of seven people: four in Xinyi, Maoming, two in Luoding, Yunfu, and one in Guangning County, Zhaoqing.[12] Overall, in Guangdong, Mujigae killed at least 18 people and left four missing. The typhoon damaged 3,374 houses and 282,700 hectares (699,000 acres) of crops across the province. Direct economic losses reached ¥23.24 billion (US$3.642 billion).[12]

Guangxi

[edit]

As Mujigae was expected to pass over eastern Guangxi, warnings for heavy rain and gusty winds were issued, and an increased possibility of landslides was noted.[6] About 12,700 fishing boats in the region's waters were called back to port and 35,400 offshore workers were evacuated.[10] Nineteen flights from Beihai Fucheng Airport were canceled as adverse weather conditions forced the airport to close on October 4. Meanwhile, 530 passengers were stranded at Nanning Wuxu International Airport as two flights were delayed by more than five hours and two others were scrapped. Services along the Guangxi coastal high-speed railway between Nanning and Beihai were halted from noon on October 4 to midnight on October 5.[20] Scenic attractions were closed beginning October 4 and tourists evacuated.[21] About 135,100 people living in vulnerable areas were resettled.[22]

The center of Mujigae crossed into Guangxi from Guangdong on the evening of October 4, though heavy rains and gusty winds affected Guangxi through October 4 and 5.[21] The typhoon impacted 2.67 million people in the province.[22] The strongest winds were recorded in Bobai County, where winds gusted up to Force 12 on the Beaufort scale, and a peak rainfall total of 418.6 mm (16.48 in) was observed at Shengtang Mountain in Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County. Numerous flash floods and landslides occurred in the mountains of southeast Guangxi, damaging roads and buildings.[21] A person was crushed and killed by a fallen tree in Nanning;[23] the typhoon killed a total of two people in the province.[24] Damage to power lines caused 1.155 million residents of Guangxi to lose power on October 5.[25] The typhoon completely destroyed 954 houses, severely damaged another 1,532 houses, and left 5,478 more with mild damage. About 144,800 hectares (358,000 acres) of cropland was affected by rain and wind, of which 6,650 hectares (16,400 acres) were deemed a complete loss.[22] Direct economic losses were at least ¥919 million (US$144 million), of which ¥752 million (US$118 million) was from agriculture and ¥46.8 million (US$7.33 million) was from property damage.[26]

Hainan

[edit]

Ahead of the storm, train services between the island and the mainland were suspended from October 2 to 5,[27] while services on the Hainan eastern ring high-speed railway were halted on October 4. The Qiongzhou Strait was closed to marine traffic and ferry services across the strait were suspended.[28] All 25,584 fishing boats in Hainan were ordered back to port to take shelter.[29] Seventy-six flights from Haikou Meilan International Airport were delayed and eight canceled.[30] Expressways remained open to vehicular traffic, however. Residents in flood-prone areas, such as Beigang Island, were evacuated to higher ground.[28] By the evening of October 3, 39,103 people in Wenchang had been resettled in 57 shelters,[31] while 9,887 people had been evacuated in Qionghai.[32] Hainan Power Grid placed 272 teams (with a total of 4,559 workers) and equipment worth ¥160 million (US$25 million) on standby to deal with disruptions to electrical services.[33] Marine tourist attractions in Sanya, such as Wuzhizhou Island and parts of Yalong Bay, were shut beginning October 3.[34] Meanwhile, all tourist attractions in Wenchang were closed from that evening of that day.[35]

Mujigae produced wind gusts from Force 11 to 14 on the extended Beaufort scale over the northern and western coasts of Hainan. Roughly 50–90 mm (2.0–3.5 in) of rain fell over the island from October 3 to 4.[36] The typhoon affected 489,000 people in Hainan and caused economic losses of over ¥136 million (US$21.3 million), though no deaths were reported. About 171,000 acres (69,000 hectares) of cropland were damaged, contributing to over half of the province's damage bill. The remaining losses came from transport and industry as well as damage to water conservancy facilities.[37] Power supplies remained relatively stable: about 47,000 customers lost power, and services were restored to 41,000 of them by the end of October 4.[38] Flooding occurred along several streets in Haikou, however, storm surge failed to breach the city and traffic was mostly unaffected.[39] Reopening began on October 4 as the typhoon passed, with closures imposed on Sanya's tourist attractions lifted on the evening of October 4.[40] Flights from Haikou Meilan International Airport resumed on the afternoon of October 4.[30] All train services resumed on the morning on October 5.[41]

Effects elsewhere

[edit]

The influence of Mujigae and a high-pressure area to the north brought squalls and rain to Hong Kong from October 3 to 5 as Mujigae passed to the south of the territory. Strong Wind Signal No. 3 was issued from October 3 to 4, and Amber Rainstorm Warning Signals were raised twice on the two days. Rainfall totals from October 2 to 5 ranged around 150 mm (5.9 in), reaching up to 250 mm (9.8 in) over the southwestern part of Lantau Island. The weather conditions caused 39 aircraft to be diverted from Hong Kong International Airport,[42] and disrupted ferry services to and from Macau.[43] At least 30 incidents of fallen trees and 14 incidents of flooding were recorded, with a fallen tree near Fanling station causing a stoppage in train services by damaging overhead cables.[42] A runner participating in a race between Lantau and Sunset Peaks suffered a broken arm when he slipped off the track amid the adverse weather conditions.[44]

Nearby Macau experienced a similar situation from October 3 to 5.[45] Typhoon Signal No. 3 was raised from the evening of October 3 till morning on October 5 as heavy rains and gusty winds buffeted the territory.[46] Some flooding occurred in low-lying regions.[42] The Fire Services Bureau received 27 reports of fallen trees; in total they responded to 59 typhoon-related incidents. Thunderstorms forced the the cancellation of six outdoor events and delayed at least 15 flights from Macau International Airport.[45] Ferry operator TurboJET suspended services from Macau to Shenzhen and Hong Kong.[47] A woman at the University of Macau suffered cuts on her limbs from broken glass and was sent to hospital.[45] The adverse weather caused Macau's tourist visitation numbers to drop by 16 percent in the week following the typhoon, erasing gains from China's Golden Week holidays.[48]

As Mujigae weakened inland over China, it brought torrential rain to northern parts of Vietnam and Thailand. The combination of Mujigae and a cold front brought up to 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain to mountainous regions in the provinces of Quảng Ninh, Lạng Sơn, and Cao Bằng.[49] Meanwhile, heavy rains in Northeast and Central Thailand had the beneficial effect of filling reservoirs, but caused several flash floods on October 4 and 5. One in Nakhon Sawan Province flooded and ruined 2,000 rai (320 hectares; 790 acres) of cropland. Another in Chachoengsao Province inundated 40 houses, causing damage to agricultural equipment and electrical appliances. In Ratchaburi Province, a crocodile farm was flooded and some of its inhabitants escaped. Other provinces affected by flash floods included Chanthaburi and Kamphaeng Phet.[50][51]

Aftermath

[edit]

Following Mujigae's landfall in Guangdong, the National Disaster Reduction Center of China and the Ministry of Civil Affairs launched a Level IV emergency response (the highest possible level[52]) in Guangdong and Guangxi. Guangdong's local government allocated ¥20 million (US$3.1 million) of funds to immediate disaster relief,[53] and distributed ¥900,000 (US$140,000) worth of relief supplies in Yanjiang and Maoming by October 5.[19] The next day, Guangdong authorities moved 300 tents, 300 folding beds, 2,100 quilts, 4,100 towels, 3,500 sets of clothing, and 250 emergency lights to affected cities.[54] Guangxi's local government invested ¥18 million (US$2.8 million) into disaster relief by October 5, with plans to set aside a further ¥29 million (US$4.5 million).[26] Around 24,800 workers from China Southern Power Grid were dispatched to restore electrical services, and by the morning of October 6 about 78 percent of households had their power restored. Outages in Hainan and Guangxi were fully resolved on October 5 and 7, respectively. Final repairs to the power supply—mostly in Guangdong, where Zhanjiang suffered the most from power outages—were expected to complete in a week.[55][56][57]

On October 27, the Chinese government announced that ¥300 billion (US$47 million) of funds would be set aside for disaster relief efforts in Guangdong and Guangxi in addition to drought-stricken North China. This would cover reconstruction efforts and living expenses for those affected by Mujigae in the two provinces.[58] A further contribution of ¥103 million (US$16 million) was announced by the National Development and Reform Commission on November 5.[59]

Retirement

[edit]
See also: List of retired Pacific typhoon names

At the 48th Session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee held from February 22 to 25, 2016, the name Mujigae was retired following a request by China due to the high damage and death toll caused by the storm.[60] In 2017, the name Surigae was chosen as a replacement.[61]

References

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  25. ^ Zhong Quansheng; He Wei (October 6, 2015). "台风"彩虹"过境致广西115万户停电". Sohu (in Chinese). Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  26. ^ a b Zhou Ying; Lu Bingqiang (October 7, 2015). "台风"彩虹"致广西196万人受灾 经济损失逾9亿元" (in Chinese). Government of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  27. ^ "受台风"彩虹"影响　三亚开往京粤方向列车停运". Sina (in Chinese). October 2, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
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  29. ^ Fu Yongtao (October 4, 2015). "强台风"彩虹"与海南擦身而过 海南将有大到暴雨" (in Chinese). China News Service. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  30. ^ a b Ma Weiyuan (October 4, 2015). "海口美兰机场恢复航班正常起降". Sina (in Chinese). Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  31. ^ Chen Wang (October 4, 2015). "文昌对低洼易涝地区进行全面排查 共转移39103人". Sina (in Chinese). Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  32. ^ Ma Weiyuan (October 3, 2015). "琼海转移人员9887人 927艘渔船已全部回港避风". Sina (in Chinese). Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  33. ^ Li Xiaomei (October 3, 2015). "海南电网启动Ⅱ级应急响应 272支抢修队伍随时待命". Sina (in Chinese). Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  34. ^ Sha Xiaofeng (October 3, 2015). "3日三亚陵水涉海旅游景区关闭". Sina (in Chinese). Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  35. ^ Chen Wang (October 4, 2015). "文昌景区景点已全部关闭 设警戒线禁止游客入内". Sina (in Chinese). Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  36. ^ "海南东北部等地降雨50-90毫米 北部沿海8-10级阵风". Sina (in Chinese). October 4, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
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  41. ^ Huang Dan; Xu Wu (October 4, 2015). "东环高铁动车、进出岛客列5日起恢复开行". Sina (in Chinese). Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  42. ^ a b c "Severe Typhoon Mujigae (1522) 1 - 5 October 2015". Hong Kong Observatory. November 28, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  43. ^ Kao, Ernest (October 4, 2015). "Flights cut, MTR trains down, trees uprooted and runner rescued in Hong Kong as Typhoon Mujigae sweeps inland". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  44. ^ Mok, Danny (October 5, 2015). "Runner in Hong Kong's Lantau 2 Peaks race escapes with broken arm after tree stops him plunging down slope". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
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  46. ^ Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (October 26–29, 2015). Member Report of Macao, China (PDF). ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee 10th Integrated Workshop. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. p. 4. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
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  48. ^ Duggan, Wayne (October 13, 2015). "Typhoon Mujigae Rains On Macau's Golden Week Parade". Yahoo! News. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  49. ^ "Torrential rains hit northern Vietnam in wake of Typhoon Mujigae". Vietnam Investment Review. October 6, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
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  51. ^ "Mujigae rains fill up reservoirs". Bangkok Post. October 6, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
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  53. ^ "国家减灾委、民政部启动国家Ⅳ级救灾应急响应 协助广东广西做好台风"彩虹"灾害救灾工作". Sina. October 6, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
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  58. ^ "Disaster relief funds earmarked". Government of the People's Republic of China. October 27, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2021 – via ReliefWeb.
  59. ^ "我委下达台风"彩虹"灾后恢复建设中央预算内投资". Sina (in Chinese). November 5, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  60. ^ 48th ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee Session Report (PDF). 48th Session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. Honolulu, Hawaii, United States: ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. February 22–25, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  61. ^ Davis, Hana (June 14, 2017). "Four typhoon names get rebranded, Hong Kong Observatory announces". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on June 18, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
[edit]

Guangdong

Guangxi

Hong Kong/Macau

Thailand??


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