User:Julsfaith/sandbox
Regulation
[edit]In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) treats influencer marketing as a form of paid endorsement. It is governed by the rules for native advertising, which include compliance with established truth-in-advertising standards and disclosure by endorsers (influencers) and is known as the Endorsement Guides.[1][2] The FTC compiled an easy-to-read guide on disclosure for influencers, specifying rules and tips on how to make good disclosures on social media. The guidelines include reminders of disclosing sponsored products in easily visible places so it is hard to miss, using easy-to-understand language, and giving honest reviews about sponsored products.[3][2][4]
In 2017, the FTC sent more than 90 educational letters to celebrity and athlete influencers with the reminder of the obligation to clearly disclose business relationships while sponsoring and promoting products.[5] The same year, in response to YouTubers Trevor Martin and Thomas Cassell deceptively endorsing an online gambling site they owned, the FTC took three separate actions to catch the attention of influencers. By using law enforcement, warning letters, and updating the Endorsement Guidelines, the FTC provided influencers with endorsement questions or involved in misleading endorsements and disclosures with clear procedures of how to follow the laws.[6]
Media-regulating bodies in other countries – such as Australia – followed the FTC in creating influencer-marketing guidelines.[7] The United Kingdom's Competition and Markets Authority adopted similar laws and tips for influencers to follow.[4]
Branded Content on Social Media Platforms
[edit]Facebook and Instagram
[edit]Facebook and Instagram have a set of brand content policies for influencer marketing and endorsements. Branded content may only be posted through Instagram and Facebook, and require the business relationships between influencers and endorsers to be tagged when promoting branded content. The branded tool provided in the business layout of Facebook and Instagram is to be used whenever promoting products and endorsers.[8][9]
YouTube
[edit]As of August 2020, YouTube has updated the branded content policies. YouTube and Google's ad policies require influencers to check a box titled paid promotion when publishing sponsored videos and provides instructions on how to set it up. The policies require disclosure messages for the viewers to indicate that the content is promoted. [10]
Applications
[edit]Marketers use influencer marketing to establish credibility in a market, to create social conversations about brands, and to focus on driving online or in-store sales. Marketers leverage credibility gained over time to promote a variety of products or services. Success in influencer marketing is measured through earned media value, impressions,[11] and cost per action.[12]
A social media influencer's personal brand and product relation with marketers are important concepts. As social learning theory suggests, influencers serve as informed consumers, and authenticity matters. When credible influencers match up with the product, consumers will consider the promoted recommendations.[13][14] A study found that respondents see influencers as a neutral authority pitch for a product. Compared to CEO spokespeople, influencers are more approachable and trustworthy. Consumers are more likely to respond to influencers if both parties share certain characteristics and beliefs.[15][14]
A 2014 study shows a majority of millennials and baby boomers prefer word-of-mouth. Research indicates influencers are more effective for younger demographics and with the rise of social media influencers, influencer marketing could be a trend.[16]
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- ^ "Native Advertising: A Guide for Businesses". Federal Trade Commission. December 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ a b "FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 255 Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. November 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ "Disclosures 101 for Social Media Influencers" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. November 2019. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Social media endorsements: being transparent with your followers". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "FTC Staff Reminds Influencers and Brands to Clearly Disclose Relationship". Federal Trade Commission (Press release). 2017-04-18. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
- ^ "Three FTC actions of interest to influencers". Federal Trade Commission. 2017-09-07. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Clearly Distinguishable Advertising Best Practice Guide" (PDF). AANA. 18 June 2018.
- ^ "Branded Content on Instagram | Instagram Help Center". help.instagram.com. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Facebook Branded Content Policies". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Add paid product placements, sponsorships & endorsements - YouTube Help". support.google.com. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ Schwemmer, Carsten; Carsten, Carsten (2018). "Social Media Sellout: The Increasing Role of Product Promotion on YouTube". Social Media and Society. 4 (3): 205630511878672. doi:10.1177/2056305118786720.
- ^ Brown, Duncan and Hayes, Nick. Influencer Marketing: Who really influences your customers?, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008.
- ^ Lim, Xin Jean; Mohd Radzol, Aifa Rozaini bt; Cheah, Jun-Hwa (Jacky); Wong, Mun Wai (2017). "The Impact of Social Media Influencers on Purchase Intention and the Mediation Effect of Customer Attitude". Asian Journal of Business Research. 7 (2). doi:10.14707/ajbr.170035.
- ^ a b Schouten, Alexander P.; Janssen, Loes; Verspaget, Maegan (2020-02-17). "Celebrity vs. Influencer endorsements in advertising: the role of identification, credibility, and Product-Endorser fit". International Journal of Advertising. 39 (2): 258–281. doi:10.1080/02650487.2019.1634898. ISSN 0265-0487.
- ^ Freberg, Karen; Graham, Kristin; McGaughey, Karen; Freberg, Laura A. (March 2011). "Who are the social media influencers? A study of public perceptions of personality". Public Relations Review. 37 (1): 90–92. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.11.001.
- ^ Kapitan, Sommer; Silvera, David H. (2015-03-27). "From digital media influencers to celebrity endorsers: attributions drive endorser effectiveness". Marketing Letters. 27 (3): 553–567. doi:10.1007/s11002-015-9363-0. ISSN 0923-0645. S2CID 143916226.