User:Jts1882/phylogeny/Caniformia

A collection of phylogenetic trees for the caniform carnivores. The cladograms were copied from Wikipedia mainspace articles and used to test the Lua module version of the {{clade}} using the test template {{cladeN}}.

Also see User:Jts1882/phylogeny/Feliformia for feliform carnovores.

General schemes

External phylogeny

Internal phylogeny

Note: "Recently, however, Schmidt-Kittler (1976; Chen & Schmidt-Kittler 1983) has demonstrated, on the basis of the structure of the deciduous dentition, that percrocutoids are likely to be phylogenetically quite distant from hyaenids sensu stricto, and instead share a common ancestry with 'stenoplesictines' (Chen & Schmidt-Kittler 1983, p. 168)." (Werdelin & Solounias, 1991, p5)

Werdelin , Lars & Solounias, Nikos 1991 05 31: The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution. Fossils and Strata, No. 30, pp. 1-104. Oslo. ISSN 0300-9491 . ISBN 82-00-37481-5 .

Carnivora

Feliformia

Caniformia

Amphicyonidae†

Canidae

Arctoidea

	Hemicyonidae†

	Ursidae

Pinnipedia

Enaliarctidae†

Phocidae

	Otariidae

	Odobenidae

Musteloidea

Ailuridae

Mephitidae

	Procyonidae

	Mustelidae

Dog-like families

Phylogeny

From: Caniformia#Phylogeny Note redundancy with main carnivore scheme. Transcluded templates would be an improvement. I've added the canine subfamilies.

Caniformia

Amphicyonidae†

Canidae

Hesperocyoninae† (basal canids)

	Borophaginae† ("bone-crushing dogs")

	Caninae

Arctoidea

Ursoidea

	Hemicyonidae†

	Ursidae

Pinnipedia

Enaliarctidae†

Phocidae

	Otariidae

	Odobenidae

Musteloidea

Ailuridae

Mephitidae

	Procyonidae

	Mustelidae

Source.^[1]

Canidae relationships

Family Canidae

Canidae

Based on Lindblad-Toh et al (2005), modified to incorporate recent findings on wolf-like Canis species by Koepfli et al (2015).^[2] ^[3]

Canidae

Canini

Canina

	Canis familiaris (domestic dog)

	Canis lupus (gray wolf)

Canis latrans (coyote)

Canis anthus (African golden wolf)

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf)

Canis aureus (golden jackal)

Cuon alpinus (dhole or Asiatic wild dog)

Lycaon pictus (African wild dog)

	Canis mesomelas (black-backed jackal)

	Canis adustus (side-striped jackal)

Cerdocyonina

	Speothos venaticus (bush dog)

	Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf)

Lycalopex

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox)

Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)

	Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox or chilla)

	Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox)

	Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo or Andean fox)

	Lycalopex sechurae (Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)

Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox)

Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog)

Vulpini

Otocyon megalotis (bat-eared fox)

Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog)

Vulpes

	Vulpes zerda (fennec fox)

	Vulpes cana (Blanford's fox)

Vulpes chama (Cape fox)

	Vulpes vulpes (red fox)

	Vulpes rueppellii (Ruppell's fox)

Vulpes corsac (corsac fox)

	Vulpes macrotis (Kit fox)

	Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox)

Urocyon

	Urocyon littoralis (island fox)

	Urocyon cinereoargenteus (gray fox)

Domestic dog tree based on vonHoldt-2010: User:Jts1882/sandbox/Domestic dogs

Borophaginae

Cladogram showing borophagine interrelationships, following Wang et al., figure 141:^[4]

Borophaginae

	Cynarctoides

	Phlaocyon

	Paracynarctus

	Cynarctus

	Tomarctus

	Aelurodon

	Epicyon

	Borophagus

Evolution of wolves

^[5] ^[6] ^[7]

Dire wolf

Dire wolf divergence

†Canis chihliensis

Canis lupus

†Canis armbrusteri

†Canis gezi

†Canis nehringi

†Canis dirus

†Canis dirus guildayi

†Canis dirus dirus

Phylogeny of Canis dirus based on morphology.^[6]^: p148^[5]^: p181

Evolution_of_the_wolf#Canis_lepophagus

Wolf evolution

†Canis lepophagus

Canis latrans (Coyote)

†Canis priscolatrans

extinct taxa

†Canis ambrusteri

†Canis dirus (Dire wolf)

†Canis nehringi

†Canis gezi

†Canis etruscus

†Canis variabilis

†Canis mosbachensis

Canis rufus (red wolf)

Canis lupus (gray wolf)

Canis familiaris (dog)

Proposed evolution and branching of genus Canis towards the wolf.^[7]^: p240

Evolution_of_the_wolf#Canis_chihliensis

Wolf evolution - alternate proposal

†Eucyon davisi

†Canis lepophagus

extinct taxa

†Canis edwardii

Canis aureus (Golden jackal)

Canis latrans (coyote)

†Canis chihliensis

†Canis ambrusteri

†Canis dirus

†Canis nehringi

†Canis gezi

Canis lupus

Gray wolf

Domestic dog

†Canis falconeri

	Extinct taxa

†Xenocyon

Cuon (Dhole)

Lycaon (African hunting dog)

Proposed evolution and branching from Eucyon towards the wolf.^[6]^: p148^[5]^: p181

other caniforms

Mustelidae

Genetic analysis suggests that Mustelidae should be divided into eight subfamilies:^[8]

Mustelidae

Lutrinae

Aonyx

	Aonyx capensis (African clawless otter)

	Aonyx cinerea (Oriential small-clawed otter)

Lutrogale

Lutrogale perspicillata (smooth-coated otter)

Lutra

	Lutra lutra (European otter)

	Lutra sumatrana (hairy-nosed otter)

Enhydra

Enhydra lutris (sea otter)

Hydrictis

Hydrictis maculicollis (spotted-necked otter)

Lontra

Lontra canadensis (North American river otter)

	Lontra felina (marine otter)

	Lontra longicaudis (Neotropical river otter)

(New World
river otters)

Pteronura	Pteronura brasiliensis (giant otter)

(otters)

Mustelinae

	Mustela altaica (mountain weasel)

	Mustela nivalis (least weasel)

	Mustela eversmanni (steppe polecat)

	Mustela putorius (European polecat or common ferret)

Mustela nigripes (black-footed ferret)

Mustela lutreola (European mink)

Mustela sibirica (Siberian weasel)

Mustela erminea (stoat or ermine)

	Mustela nudipes (Malaysian weasel)

	Mustela strigidorsa (black-striped weasel)

	Mustela frenata (long-tailed weasel)

	Neovison vison (American mink)

(weasels etc)

Galictinae

	Poecilogale albinucha (African striped weasel)

	Ictonyx striatus (striped polecat)

Ictonyx libyca (Saharan striped polecat)

Vormela peregusna (marbled polecat)

Galictis

	Galictis vittata (grisón)

	Galictis cuja (lesser grisón)

(weasel‑like species)

Helictidinae

Melogale

	Melogale moschata (Chinese ferret-badger)

	Melogale personata (Burmese ferret-badger)

Martinae

Martes americana (American marten)

	Martes martes (pine marten)

	Martes zibellina (sable)

Martes melampus (Japanese marten)

Martes foina (beech marten)

Martes flavigula (yellow-throated marten)

Gulo gulo (wolverine)

Martes pennanti (fisher)

Eira

Eira barbara (tayra)

Melinae

Meles	Meles meles (European badger)

Arctonyx	Arctonyx collaris (hog badger)

Mellivorinae

Mellivora	Mellivora capensis (honey badger)

Taxidiinae

Taxidea	Taxidea taxus (American badger)

Procyonidae

Cladogram showing the results of the recent molecular studies.^[9]^[10] ^[11] Genus Nasuella was not included in these studies, but in a separate study was found to nest within Nasua.^[12]

Procyonidae

	Bassaricyon (olingos and olinguito)

	Nasua and Nasuella (coatis)

	Procyon (raccoons)

	Bassariscus (ringtail and cacomistle)

Potos (kinkajou)

Procyonidae

Potos

Potos favus (kingajou)

Procyon

	Procyon cancrivorus (crab eating raccoon)

	Procyon lotor (common raccoon)

(raccoons)

Bassariscus

	Bassariscus sumichrasti (cacomistle)

	Bassariscus astutus (ringtail)

Bassaricyon

	Bassaricyon medius (western lowland olingo)

	Bassaricyon alleni (eastern lowland olingo)

Bassaricyon gabbii (northern olingo)

Bassaricyon neblina (olinguito)

(olingos)

Nasuina

Nasua nasua (ring-tailed coati)

Nasua narica (white-nosed coati)

Nasuella

	Nasuella olivacea (western mountain coati)

	Nasuella meridensis (eastern mountain coati)

(coatis)

Taxonomy of Pinnepids

Phocidae

	ringed seal

	Baikal seal

Caspian seal

	spotted seal

	harbor seal

grey seal

	ribbon seal

	harp seal

hooded seal

bearded seal

	Weddell seal

	leopard seal

crabeater seal

Ross seal

	southern elephant seal

	northern elephant seal

	Mediterranean monk seal

	Hawaiian monk seal

Otariidae

Antarctic fur seal

	Guadalupe fur seal

	Juan Fernández fur seal

	Galápagos fur seal

	southern fur seal

	Australian sea lion

	New Zealand sea lion

	subantarctic fur seal

	brown fur seal

	South American sea lion

	California sea lion

	Galápagos sea lion

Relationships among the pinnipeds, combining several phylogenetic analyses.^[13]

Cat-like families

Moved because post expansion template size limit exceeded.

User:Jts1882/phylogeny/Feliformia

References

^ Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–37. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099.
^ Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; Clamp, Michele; Chang, Jean L.; Kulbokas, Edward J.; Zody, Michael C.; Mauceli, Evan; Xie, Xiaohui; Breen, Matthew; Wayne, Robert K.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Ponting, Chris P.; Galibert, Francis; Smith, Douglas R.; Dejong, Pieter J.; Kirkness, Ewen; Alvarez, Pablo; Biagi, Tara; Brockman, William; Butler, Jonathan; Chin, Chee-Wye; Cook, April; Cuff, James; Daly, Mark J.; Decaprio, David; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803 in 803–19. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006. S2CID 4338513.
^ Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.; Godinho, R.; Robinson, J.; Lea, A.; Hendricks, S.; Schweizer, R. M.; Thalmann, O.; Silva, P.; Fan, Z.; Yurchenko, A. A.; Dobrynin, P.; Makunin, A.; Cahill, J. A.; Shapiro, B.; Álvares, F.; Brito, J. C.; Geffen, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Helgen, K. M.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2015-08-17). "Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–65. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211. S2CID 16379927.
^ Wang, Xiaoming; Richard Tedford; Beryl Taylor (1999-11-17). "Phylogenetic systematics of the borophaginae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 243. hdl:2246/1588.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. S2CID 83594819.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
^ ^a ^b R.M. Nowak (2003). "Chapter 9 - Wolf evolution and taxonomy". In Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (eds.). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. pp. 239–258. ISBN 978-0-226-51696-7.
^ Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Deere, K.A.; Slater, G.J.; Begg, C.; Begg, K.; Grassman, L.; Lucherini, M.; Veron, G.; Wayne, R.K. (February 2008). "Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation". BMC Biology. 6: 10. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10. PMC 2276185. PMID 18275614.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Helgen, K. M.; Pinto, M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L.; Tsuchiya, M.; Quinn, A.; Wilson, D.; Maldonado, J. (2013-08-15). "Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito". ZooKeys (324): 1–83. doi:10.3897/zookeys.324.5827. PMC 3760134. PMID 24003317.
^ K.-P. Koepfli; M. E. Gompper; E. Eizirik; C.-C. Ho; L. Linden; J. E. Maldonado; R. K. Wayne (2007). "Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carvnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (3): 1076–1095. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003. PMID 17174109.
^ Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O’Brien, S. J. (2010-02-04). "Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033. PMC 7034395. PMID 20138220.
^ Helgen, K. M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L. E.; Tsuchiya-Jerep, M. T. N.; Pinto, C. M.; Koepfli, K. P.; Eizirik, E.; Maldonado, J. E. (August 2009). "Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, Nasuella (Carnivora: Procyonidae)" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation. 41: 65–74. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
^ Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped taxonomy: Review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.

[Flynn2005-1] Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–37. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099.

[Lindblad-toh2005-2] Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; Clamp, Michele; Chang, Jean L.; Kulbokas, Edward J.; Zody, Michael C.; Mauceli, Evan; Xie, Xiaohui; Breen, Matthew; Wayne, Robert K.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Ponting, Chris P.; Galibert, Francis; Smith, Douglas R.; Dejong, Pieter J.; Kirkness, Ewen; Alvarez, Pablo; Biagi, Tara; Brockman, William; Butler, Jonathan; Chin, Chee-Wye; Cook, April; Cuff, James; Daly, Mark J.; Decaprio, David; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803 in 803–19. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006. S2CID 4338513.

[koepfli-3] Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.; Godinho, R.; Robinson, J.; Lea, A.; Hendricks, S.; Schweizer, R. M.; Thalmann, O.; Silva, P.; Fan, Z.; Yurchenko, A. A.; Dobrynin, P.; Makunin, A.; Cahill, J. A.; Shapiro, B.; Álvares, F.; Brito, J. C.; Geffen, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Helgen, K. M.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2015-08-17). "Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–65. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211. S2CID 16379927.

[Wangetal-4] Wang, Xiaoming; Richard Tedford; Beryl Taylor (1999-11-17). "Phylogenetic systematics of the borophaginae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 243. hdl:2246/1588.

[tedford2009-5] Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. S2CID 83594819.

[wang2008-6] Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.

[nowak2003-7] R.M. Nowak (2003). "Chapter 9 - Wolf evolution and taxonomy". In Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (eds.). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. pp. 239–258. ISBN 978-0-226-51696-7.

[Koepfli2008-8] Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Deere, K.A.; Slater, G.J.; Begg, C.; Begg, K.; Grassman, L.; Lucherini, M.; Veron, G.; Wayne, R.K. (February 2008). "Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation". BMC Biology. 6: 10. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10. PMC 2276185. PMID 18275614.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[ZooKeys-9] Helgen, K. M.; Pinto, M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L.; Tsuchiya, M.; Quinn, A.; Wilson, D.; Maldonado, J. (2013-08-15). "Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito". ZooKeys (324): 1–83. doi:10.3897/zookeys.324.5827. PMC 3760134. PMID 24003317.

[Koepfli2007-10] K.-P. Koepfli; M. E. Gompper; E. Eizirik; C.-C. Ho; L. Linden; J. E. Maldonado; R. K. Wayne (2007). "Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carvnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (3): 1076–1095. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003. PMID 17174109.

[EizirikMurphy2010-11] Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O’Brien, S. J. (2010-02-04). "Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033. PMC 7034395. PMID 20138220.

[split-12] Helgen, K. M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L. E.; Tsuchiya-Jerep, M. T. N.; Pinto, C. M.; Koepfli, K. P.; Eizirik, E.; Maldonado, J. E. (August 2009). "Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, Nasuella (Carnivora: Procyonidae)" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation. 41: 65–74. Retrieved 2013-08-20.

[Berta_2012-13] Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped taxonomy: Review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.

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