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User:Joshua Jonathan/Dravidian migration

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Research-question

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So, where did the Dravidians come from? Were they always there, in India - or did they also arrive in India by migration?

Possible sources

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Books

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  • Fuller, D Q (2003a) “An agricultural perspective on Dravidian historical linguistics: archaeological crop packages, livestock and Dravidian crop vocabulary”, in C Renfrew & P Bellwood (eds), Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
  • David McAlpin, "Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian", Language vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: "Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships", Current Anthropology vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation", in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook: Aryan and Non-Aryan in India, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); David McAlpin, "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981)
  • Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77111-5.
  • Bellwood, Peter (2013). First Migrants: Ancient Migration in Global Perspective. Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8909-5.
  • R. C. Majumdar (1977), Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
  • Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1980), The Scheduled Tribes of India, Transaction Publishers

Websites

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Wikipedia

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Migrations

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Australoid migrations

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The first people to have settled in India during Paleolithic times appear to have been an Australoid group who may have been closely related to Aboriginal Australians.[1] From a genetic anthropological point of view, the research of Basu et al. (2003)[2] indicates that:

  1. there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small;
  2. the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated;
  3. the Austro-Asiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others;
  4. a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast;
  5. the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austro-Asiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes;
  6. the Dravidian tribals were possibly widespread throughout India before the arrival of the Indo-European-speaking nomads, but retreated to southern India to avoid dominance;[citation needed]
  7. formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations;
  8. the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India;
  9. historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."

Caucasoid and Mongoloid migrations

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Subsequent to the Australoids, some anthropologists and geneticists theorize that Caucasoids (including both Elamo-Dravidians and Indo-Aryans) and Mongoloids (Sino-Tibetans) immigrated into India. The Elamo-Dravidians[note 1] possibly from Iran,[3][4][5] the Indo-Aryans possibly from the Central Asian steppes[4][6][7] and the Tibeto-Burmans possibly from the Himalayan and north-eastern borders of the subcontinent.[8]

None of these hypotheses is free from debate and disagreement. In particular, the caucasoid feature of Indians have been explained by Disotell.[9] This is the authors conclusion,

The supposed Aryan invasion of India 3,000–4,000 years before present therefore did not make a major splash in the Indian gene pool. This is especially counter-indicated by the presence of equal, though very low, frequencies of the western Eurasian mtDNA types in both southern and northern India. Thus, the ‘caucasoid’ features of south Asians may best be considered ‘pre-caucasoid’— that is, part of a diverse north or north east African gene pool that yielded separate origins for western Eurasian and southern Asian populations over 50,000 years ago.

Darvidians "neolithic farmers"

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"In 1981, McAlpin (quoted by Cavelli-Sforza in his book co-authored with Menozzi and Piazza, 1994) deciphered the Elamite language (Elam is the Biblical name for an area in south western Iran with extensive contacts with Mesopotamia) which was written down in the cuneiform script and therefore not difficult to decipher. According to McAlpin, the Elamite language is related to the Dravidian group of languages. This is the basis of Renfrew’s current conjecture (and also independently by Cavelli-Sforza) that the southward thrust of the Neolithic farmers from the Iranian horn of the Fertile Crescent to India was of Proto Dravidian speakers. The Mehargarh site in India, which is the oldest Neolithic site in South Asia (dated as 7,000 BCE), is at the foot of the Bolan-pass and leads into Indian sub-continent from South Iran. This is consistent with Neolithic farmers taking this route into India from the Fertile Crescent. If McAlpin’s linguistic analysis were correct, it would mean that the Dravidian-speaking farmers populated the area from Iran to South India, along with a more ancient Austric speaking people of hunters and food gatherers in India. This would then strengthen the arguments for the Indus Valley civilisation to be Dravidian speaking. There is further corroborative evidence in that a number of signs of Harappan origin seem to appear in the Elamite tablets."

Dravidian Harappan ANI

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The ANI-component in the Indian genepool were the Dravidian Harappans, who came from Iran/Levant, bringing with them farming, R1a and lactose-tolerance. Due to farming their population grew rapidly, and they started to colonialise the rest of India. The Indo-Europeans were only a minor addition to this genepool, though a major cultural and linguistic influence.

It's pretty obvious:

  • ~50,000 YA split between Asians and Eurasiana (ASI-ANI) (Dolgin on Reich 2009)
  • ~45,000 YA split between EGH (European Gather-Hunteres) and EF (Early Farmers)/CGH (Caucasian Gather-Hunterers) (Jones 2015)
  • ~25,000 YA split (Jones 2015) between CGH (contributed to IE) and EF (contributed to Dravidians)
  • ca. 5,000 YA Dravidians into northern India, bringing with them farming (MacAlpin, Renfrew, Cavalli-Sforza), Dravidian language, R1a (Underhill 2014) and lactose-tolerance (Gallego Romero 2011; according to Allentoft Indo-Europeans were lactose-intolerant)
  • 2,600 BCE onset Harappan civilisation; Dravidian speaking (Asko Parpola); rapid growth of population due to farming (Bellwood & Oxenham)
  • 2,200 BCE onset colonisation of southern India by Dravidians over land (Deccan plateau) and over sea (westcoast)(sea-farers and traders!); admixture and language shift (Palanichamy 2015)
  • 1,900 decline of Harappan cities, c.q. relocation
  • ca. 1,800-1,600 BCE onset Indo-European migrations; Dravidian loans into Rig Veda, ergo, they were the ANI, ergo the Dravidians were Eurasian
  • ca. 1,200 BCE rise of Kuru Kingdom (Witzel); genetically mix of Harappans and Indo-Aryans; culturally mix of Harappan remains and Indo-European language and religion; start of Sanskritization (Witzel); start of second wave of admixture and language shift (Moorjani 2013: two waves of admixture; Palanichamy 2015: Indo-Europenas contributed to already existing stratification, and mixed with the higher strata)
  • ca. 100 CE enforcement of caste endogamy

See also:

Recent migrations

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Called such, so as to distinguish them from the modern Dravidian populations of India, which are of predominantly Australoid racial stock

References

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  1. ^ http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/07/24/2635149.htm
  2. ^ http://genome.cshlp.org/content/13/10/2277.full
  3. ^ Tamil Literature Society (1963, Vol. 10), Tamil Culture, Academy of Tamil Culture, retrieved 2008-11-25, ... together with the evidence of archaeology would seem to suggest that the original Dravidian-speakers entered India from Iran in the fourth millennium BC ... {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ a b Namita Mukherjee, Almut Nebel, Ariella Oppenheim and Partha P. Majumder (December 2001, Vol. 80, No. 3), "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India" (PDF), Journal of Genetics, Springer India, retrieved 2008-11-25, ... More recently, about 15,000-10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp ... {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Dhavendra Kumar (2004), Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent, Springer, ISBN 1-4020-1215-2, retrieved 2008-11-25, ... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ...
  6. ^ Frank Raymond Allchin and George Erdosy (1995), The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States, Cambridge University Press, retrieved 2008-11-25, ... There has also been a fairly general agreement that the Proto-Indoaryan speakers at one time lived on the steppes of Central Asia and that at a certain time they moved southwards through Bactria and Afghanistan, and perhaps the Caucasus, into Iran and India-Pakistan (Burrow 1973; Harmatta 1992) ...
  7. ^ Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund (1998), High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-15482-0, retrieved 2008-11-25, ... During the last decades intensive archaeological research in Russia and the Central Asian Republics of the former Soviet Union as well as in Pakistan and northern India has considerably enlarged our knowledge about the potential ancestors of the Indo-Aryans and their relationship with cultures in west, central and south Asia. Previous excavations in southern Russia and Central Asia could not confirm that the Eurasian steppes had once been the original home of the speakers of Indo-European language ...
  8. ^ Richard Cordaux , Gunter Weiss, Nilmani Saha and Mark Stoneking (2004), "The Northeast Indian Passageway: A Barrier or Corridor for Human Migrations?", Molecular Biology and Evolution, Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msh151, PMID 15128876, retrieved 2008-11-25, ... Our coalescence analysis suggests that the expansion of Tibeto-Burman speakers to northeast India most likely took place within the past 4,200 years ...{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10607580

Sources

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Further reading

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