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User:Joq Oliver/Deep sea mining

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Starting a sandbox for Deep sea mining Week 5

Week 5

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Im working on

Deep sea mining

Resources mined

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The deep sea contains many different resources available for extraction, including silver, gold, copper, manganese, cobalt, and zinc. These raw materials are found in various forms on the sea floor.

Example of manganese nodule that can be founded on the sea floor

Minerals and related depths[1]

Type of mineral deposit Average Depth Resources found
Polymetallic nodules

Manganese nodule

4,000 – 6,000 m Nickel, copper, cobalt, and manganese
Manganese crusts 800 – 2,400 m Mainly cobalt, some vanadium, molybdenum and platinum
Sulfide deposits 1,400 – 3,700 m Copper, lead and zinc some gold and silver

Diamonds are also mined from the seabed by De Beers and others. Nautilus Minerals Inc and Neptune Minerals are planning to mine the offshore waters of Papua New Guinea and New Zealand.[2]

cobalt-rich ferromanganese formations are found at various depths between 400 and 7000 meters below sea level (masl). These formations are a type of Manganese crust deposits. The substrates of rock consist of layered iron and Magnesium layers ( Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide deposits ) that will host mineralization. [3]


Polymetallic nodules/manganese nodules are founded on Abyssal plain, in a range of sizes, some as large as 15 cm long. The Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) is a well know area of occurrences. Nodules are recoded to have average growth rates near 10-20 mm/Ma.[4]

Started a Minerals and resources related to environment subsection in Minerals and related depths.  


Minerals and resources related to environment

Cobalt-rich ferromanganese formations exist in two categories depending on the Depositional environment, (1) hydrogenetic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and (2) hydrothermal crusts and encrustations. Temperature, depth and sources of seawater are dependent variables that shape how the formations grow. Hydrothermal crusts precipitate quickly, near 1600–1800 mm/Ma and grow in hydrothermal fluids at approximately 200 °C. Hydrogenetic crusts grow much slower at 1–5 mm/Ma but will have higher concentrations of critical metals.[5]

Polymetallic sulphides are resources available for extraction from Seafloor massive sulfide deposits, composed on and within the seafloor base when mineralized water discharges from Hydrothermal vent. The hot mineral-rich water precipitates and condenses when released from hydrothermal vents and meets the cold seawater.[4] The stock area of the chimney structures of hydrothermal vents can be highly mineralized.

Submarine seamount provinces, linked to hotspots and seafloor spreading, vary in depth along the ocean floor. These seamount show characteristics distribution that connects them to Cobalt-rich ferromanganese formation. In Western Pacific, a study conducted at <1500 m to 3500 m (mbsl) proved that the cobalt crusts are concentrated in the seamount section that slops at less than 20°. The high-grade cobalt crust in the Western Pacific trended /correlated with latitude and longitude, a high region within 150°E‐140°W and 30°S‐30°N[6]

The Clipperton Fracture Zone is host to the largest untapped deposit nickel resource; Polymetallic nodules or Manganese nodule sit on the seafloor. These nodules require no need for drilling or typical Surface mining techniques.[7]The composition of nickel, cobalt, copper and manganese make up nearly 100% of the nodules, and generates no toxic tailings.[7] Polymetallic nodules in the Clipperton Fracture Zone are currently being studied to produce battery metals.[8]



Photos i want to use still working on uploading them

https://www.naturepl.com/bin/nplxs.dll/go?a=disp&t=mail\quoteform.html&si=*probation174.116.40.129

Manganese nodule#/media/File:Manganknolle.jpg : this page is the the same as Polymetallic nodules

https://www.grida.no/resources/8000 : Formation of Fe-Mn crusts

A wide array of metals and elements dissolved in ocean water are adsorbed (meaning to adhere to a surface) in large quantities onto the manganese and iron oxides. The main source of nearly all metals dissolved in seawater is erosion of the continents. The exception is manganese, which derives primarily from hydrothermal sources and mixes throughout the global ocean.

Year: 2013

From collection: Deep Sea Minerals Volume 1C

Cartographer: GRID-Arendal



Note** to Chris(TA) and peers

I added all my work i see fit to the actual page Deep sea mining

My work is underline if not i got it from the article

i plan on keep going over literature , some of the resource already mentioned and others and give a Little back round on it and then in my Minerals and resources related to environment try to find where in the sea is it actually found (MOR, Fans, vents) plus any other environment. it takes a some digging to get "Credible sources" on it not just a Mining companies.

its just a Little hard with most of the Academic work is on how deep sea mining is bad for the Ecosystem....not on the area i want to focus on

can i use a companies 43-101 if i can find one?

  1. ^ Ahnert, A.; Borowski, C. (2000). "Environmental risk assessment of anthropogenic activity in the deep-sea". Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery. 7 (4): 299–315. doi:10.1023/A:1009963912171.
  2. ^ Oancea, Dan (November 6, 2006). Deep-Sea Mining and Exploration. technology.infomine.com
  3. ^ Maciąg, Łukasz; Zawadzki, Dominik; Kozub-Budzyń, Gabriela A.; Piestrzyński, Adam; Kotliński, Ryszard A.; Wróbel, Rafał J. (2019-01-29). "Mineralogy of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts from the Perth Abyssal Plain (E Indian Ocean)". Minerals. 9 (2): 84. doi:10.3390/min9020084. ISSN 2075-163X.
  4. ^ a b Gollner, Sabine; Kaiser, Stefanie; Menzel, Lena; Jones, Daniel O. B.; Brown, Alastair; Mestre, Nelia C.; van Oevelen, Dick; Menot, Lenaick; Colaço, Ana; Canals, Miquel; Cuvelier, Daphne (2017-08-01). "Resilience of benthic deep-sea fauna to mining activities". Marine Environmental Research. 129: 76–101. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.04.010. ISSN 0141-1136.
  5. ^ Hein, James R.; Mizell, Kira; Koschinsky, Andrea; Conrad, Tracey A. (2013-06-XX). "Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources". Ore Geology Reviews. 51: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.12.001. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Fuyuan, Zhang; Weiyan, Zhang; Kechao, Z. H. U.; Shuitu, G. a. O.; Haisheng, Zhang; Xiaoyu, Zhang; Benduo, Z. H. U. (2008). "Distribution Characteristics of Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crust Resources on Submarine Seamounts in the Western Pacific". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 82 (4): 796–803. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2008.tb00633.x. ISSN 1755-6724.
  7. ^ a b "Massive deposit of battery-grade nickel on deep-sea floor gets confidence boost with new data". DeepGreen. 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  8. ^ "White Paper". DeepGreen. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
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