User:John.Farquhar/sandbox/caroline hunter
Caroline Hunter | |
|---|---|
| Born | September 5, 1946 New Orleans, Louisiana |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Anti-Apartheid activist and educator |
| Years active | 1970- |
| Known for | The Polaroid Revolutionary Workers Movement |
| Spouse | Ken Williams |
| Awards |
|
Caroline Hunter (born September 5, 1946, in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an anti-apartheid activist, chemist and educator. She co-founded the Polaroid Revolutionary Workers Movement which petitioned the Polaroid corporation to end it's support of the South African apartheid system.
Early Life
[edit]Hunter was born on September 5, 1946 in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the racially-segregated community of her home, she was legally prevented from sitting at the front of the bus, trying on clothes in the department stores and eating at the lunch counter. [1] As a 10th grader attending Xavier University Preparatory School Hunter was moved by reading the novel Cry, the Beloved Country which depicts the oppression of South African apartheid.[2] She memorized and copied passages from the book into her other textbooks.[3] Hunter proceeded to Xavier University of Louisiana where she earned a degree in Chemistry.
Career
[edit]Polaroid Revolutionary Worker Movement (1970–1977)
[edit]After college, Hunter worked as a research bench chemist for the Polaroid Corporation in Cambridge, Massachusetts. During this period, she became the first African American woman to challenge her employer’s South African investments. In 1970, Hunter and her co-worker, future husband Ken Williams, discovered the involvement of their employer, Polaroid, in the South African apartheid system as the producer of the passbook photos used to identify black individuals in South Africa. To pressure Polaroid to divest from South Africa, Hunter and Williams created the Polaroid Revolutionary Worker Movement (PRWM).[4] Through the PRWM, Hunter and Williams organized a boycott against the corporation. [5]
Consequently, Polaroid banned all sales to the government, including the military and police, and promised to raise wages and increase job training at its distributors. The plan did not pacify the PRWM, however, and, in 1971, Hunter testified before the United Nations advocating a boycott of Polaroid products. Polaroid proceeded to fire both Hunter and Williams. As a result of protests, a community group in Boston donated $10,000 it received from Polaroid to South African liberation movements. In 1977, it became public Polaroid film was being sold by the distributor Frank and Hirsch to the South African government for use in the "passbook" in violation of Polaroid's policy. This ended Polaroid's relationship with its distributor and all direct sales to South Africa.[6]
Subsequent career
[edit]Following her involvement in the PRWM, Hunter went on to work as an educator. She was a secondary science and math teacher in Boston, Massachusetts’s public high school system, volunteering in school-community projects for at-risk youth, advocacy and support for diverse parents, and elimination of the achievement gap.[7] This included summer and Saturday workshops. In 1998, after her husband, Ken Williams, died, she and her daughter, Lisette, founded the Ken Williams Memorial Scholarship Fund (KWMS), for which Hunter served as secretary and annual golf tournament coordinator. The KWMS Fund has awarded more than $30,000 in college scholarships to needy high school students from Cambridge and Martha’s Vineyard for outstanding social justice work and art. In 1999, she earned her Master of Education degree from Harvard University and became assistant principal of the Cambridge Rindge and Latin School.
Referencing Biography [7] Referencing Parks [8] Referencing Alchemy book [5] https://www.businessinsider.com/brought-to-you-by-podcast-btyb-polaroid-revolutionary-workers-movement
https://originalpeople.org/cambridge-womans-campaign-polaroid-weakened-apartheid/
https://www.wgbh.org/news/search?q=caroline%20hunter
https://www.wgbh.org/news/post/how-cambridge-womans-campaign-against-polaroid-weakened-apartheid
https://www.ebony.com/life/the-coolest-black-family-in-america-no-19-the-hunterwilliamses/
https://africanactivist.msu.edu/organization.php?name=Polaroid+Revolutionary+Workers+Movement
References
[edit]- ^ "An Early Voice in the Struggle to End Apartheid Remains Strong". Vineyard Gazette. February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ Goodman, Amy (Host & Executive Producer) (December 13, 2013). Polaroid & Apartheid: Inside the Beginnings of the Boycott, Divestment Movement Against South Africa (Television Broadcast). Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
alchemywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Morgan, Eric (29 February 2008). "The World is Watching: Polaroid and South Africa". Enterprise & Society: The International Journal of Business History. 7 (3): 520–549. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ a b Ramirez, Ainissa (2020). The Alchemy of Us: How Humans and Matter Transformed One Another. The MIT Press. ISBN 0262043807.
- ^ "When Polaroid Workers Fought Apartheid". Dissent Magazine. August 17, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Hunter, Caroline. "Caroline Hunter". clarityfilms.org. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ Hunter, Caroline. "2012 Rosa Parks Memorial Award". neo.org. Retrieved 10 June 2015.