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User:Jobas/List of Christian Nobel laureates

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Set of pictures for a number of Christian Nobel prize laureates: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Literature) J. J. Thomson (Physics),[1] Gerty Cori (Physiology or Medicine), Gerhard Ertl (Chemistry), Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Peace)[2] and Christopher A. Pissarides (Economic Sciences).

The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969.[3] Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 850 individuals.[4]

According to 100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005), a review of Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000, 65.4% of Nobel Prize Laureates, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference (423 prizes).[5] Overall, Christians have won a total of 78.3% of all the Nobel Prizes in Peace,[6] 72.5% in Chemistry, 65.3% in Physics,[6] 62% in Medicine,[6] 54% in Economics[6] and 49.5% of all Literature awards.[6]

The three primary divisions of Christianity are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Between 1901 and 2000 it was revealed that among 654 Laureates 31.8% have identified Protestant in its various forms (208 prize),[7] 20.3% were Christians (no information about their denominations; 133 prize),[7] 11.6% have identified as Catholic[7] and 1.6% have identified as Eastern Orthodox.[7] Christians make up over 33.2% of the worlds population [8][9][10][11] and have earned 65.4% of Nobel prizes.[5]

According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background.[12] Overall, 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans in Chemistry,[12] 60% in Medicine,[12] and 58.6% in Physics[12] between 1901 and 1972 were won by Protestants.

Alfred Nobel who established the prizes in 1895, was himself, through baptism and confirmation, a Lutheran. He regularly frequented the Church of Sweden Abroad.[13][14]

75 members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences of the Catholic Church have won a Nobel prize in the sciences and economics.[15] The worldviews of the members are diverse and includes some non-Christians.

Christian Nobel laureates by denomination

[edit]

The table show the religion of Nobel laureats between the years 1901-2000, the table is according to the book 100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005):[6]

Statistical data on Nobel prize winners in science between 1901 and 2000 revealed that Atheists, Agnostics, and Freethinkers have won 7.1% of the prizes in Chemistry, 8.9% in Medicine, and 4.7% in Physics and 35% in Literature; while Christians have won a total of 72.5% of the prizes in Chemistry, 65.3% in Physics, 62% in Medicine and Jews have won 17.3% of the prizes in Chemistry, 26.2% in Medicine, and 25.9% in Physics.[16]

Denomination[6] Physics[6] Chemistry[6] Physiology
or Medicine[6] 		Literature[6] Peace[6] Economics[6] Total %Total
Anglican 4 1 10 3 4 1 23 3.5%
Baptist - - 3 - 1 1 5 0.8%
Calvinist - 2 1 3 - - - 0.5%
Catholic 10 10 16 23 16 1 76 11.6%
Christian (no information about their denominations) 35 44 33 - 11 10 133 20.3%
Congregationalist 3 - 6 - 1 - 10 1.5%
Menonite 1 - - - - - 1 0.2%
Dutch Reformed Church - - - - 1 - 1 0.2%
Eastern Orthodox 2 - 1 5 1 1 10 1.6%
Episcopalian - - 2 1 2 - 5 0.8%
Evangelical - 1 2 - - - 3 0.5%
Lutheran 8 8 7 3 6 2 34 5.2%
Methodist 2 3 4 1 5 - 15 2.3%
Presbyterian 5 - 7 1 4 - 17 2.6%
Protestant 19 23 18 8 12 4 84 12.8%
Quaker 1 - - - 2 1 4 0.5%
Unitarian - 2 3 - 1 1 7 1.1%
Total Protestant 43 40 57 20 38 10 208 32.0%
Total Christians 96 92 105 45 59 20 423 65.4%

Christian Nobel laureates by category

[edit]

This list is non-exhaustive, the list includes Nobel laureates with Christian background and identified with the Christian faith. It is worth noting that some of the Nobel laureates in the list are devout Christians, where the Christian faith has influence on their thinking and writing, and others were nominally Christian but identified themselves with the Christian faith.

Physics

[edit]
Year Laureate Country Denomination Rationale
1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany Roman Catholic[17] "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"
1902 Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands Protestant[18] "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by his researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"[19]
Pieter Zeeman Netherlands Dutch Reformed Church[20] "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France Roman Catholic[21] "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"[22]
1904 Lord Rayleigh United Kingdom Anglican[23][24] "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"[25]
1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Austria-Hungary
Germany 		Christian[26] "for his work on cathode rays"[27][28]
1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom Anglican[29] "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"[30]
1909 Guglielmo Marconi Italy Roman Catholic[31] "for his contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"[32]
1914 Max von Laue Germany Christian[33][34][35] "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals",[36] an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.
1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom Christian[37][38][39] "For his services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays",[40] an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
William Lawrence Bragg Australia

United Kingdom

Christian
1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom Methodist[41][42][43] "For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements",[44] another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1918 Max Planck Germany Lutheran[note 1][45] "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"[46]
1919 Johannes Stark Germany Christian[47] "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"[48]
1922 Niels Bohr Denmark Raised Lutheran, later become an atheist [49][50] "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[51]
1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States Christian[52][53][54][55] He dealt with this in his Terry Lectures at Yale in 1926–7, published as Evolution in Science and Religion.[56] "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"[57]
1925 Gustav Hertz Germany Lutheran[58] "for his discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[59]
1927 Arthur Holly Compton United States Presbyterian[60][61] "for his discovery of the effect named after him"[62]
1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany Lutheran[63][64] "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"[65]
1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria Christian[66][67] He wrote on the topic of science and religion in his article "My Faith".[68] "for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[69]
1937 George Paget Thomson United Kingdom Christian "for his experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[70]
1938 Enrico Fermi Italy Raised Roman Catholic, then become an agnostic "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"[71]
1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria Raised Roman Catholic[72] "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[73]
1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom Christian "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"[74]
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland Methodist[75]
1952 Edward Mills Purcell United States Protestant "for his development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[76]
1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands Protestant "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"[77]
1954 Max Born Germany
United Kingdom 		Lutheran[78] "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[79]
Walther Bothe West Germany Protestant "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"[79]
1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States Protestant "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[80]
Polykarp Kusch United States Protestant "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"[80]
1958 Ilya Frank Soviet Union Russian Orthodox (he is also from Jewish descended) for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[81]
1963 Eugene Paul Wigner Hungary
United States 		His family converted to Lutheranism,[82] On religious views, Wigner was an atheist[83] "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[84]
Maria Goeppert-Mayer United States Christian[85] "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[84]
J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany Christian
1964 Charles Hard Townes United States Protestant (United Church of Christ)[86] "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[87]
1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States Raised a Protestant,[88] But he described himself as an atheist[89] "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[90]
1971 Dennis Gabor Hungary – United Kingdom Raised a Protestant,[91] but he considered himself agnostic[92] "for his invention and development of the holographic method"[93]
1974 Antony Hewish United Kingdom Christian[94] "for his pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[95]
1980 James Watson Cronin United States Protestant[96][97] "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[98]
1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy Roman Catholic "for his decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[99]
1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany Roman Catholic "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[100]
1993 Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. United States Quaker[101] "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[102]
1996 Douglas D. Osheroff United States Lutheran[103] "for his discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[104]
1997 William Daniel Phillips United States Protestant (United Methodist Church)[105] "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[106]
2002 Riccardo Giacconi Italy
United States 		Roman Catholic "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2003 Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom
United States 		Roman Catholic[107] "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[108]
2004 Frank Wilczek United States Roman Catholic[109] "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[110]
2007 Peter Grünberg Germany Roman Catholic "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[111]

Chemistry

[edit]
Year Laureate Country Denomination Rationale
1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Netherlands Protestant[112] "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[113]
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer Germany Protestant[114][115] "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[116]
1904 Sir William Ramsay United Kingdom Protestant[117] "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[118]
1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer Germany Lutheran (from Jewish descent)[119][120][121] "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[122]
1907 Eduard Buchner Germany Protestant "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[123]
1908 Ernest Rutherford United Kingdom
New Zealand 		Protestant[124][125] "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[126]
1910 Otto Wallach Germany Protestant[127] "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[128]
1911 Maria Skłodowska-Curie Poland/France Raised Catholic and become agnostic "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[129]
1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland He was raised as Roman Catholic[130] "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[131]
1918 Fritz Haber Germany Converts to Protestantism from Judaism[132] "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[133]
1920 Walther Hermann Nernst Germany Protestant[134] "[for] his work in thermochemistry"[135]
1921 Frederick Soddy United Kingdom Protestant[136] "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[137]
1922 Francis William Aston United Kingdom Protestant "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[138]
1923 Fritz Pregl Austria Christian "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[139]
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Germany / Hungary Protestant "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"[140]
1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg Sweden Christian "for his work on disperse systems"[141]
1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany Christian "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[142]
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Germany Christian "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and his connection with the vitamins"[143]
1929 Arthur Harden United Kingdom Christian "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[144]
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin Sweden Christian
1930 Hans Fischer Germany Protestant "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[145]
1931 Carl Bosch Germany Protestant "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[146]
Friedrich Bergius Germany Protestant
1934 Harold Clayton Urey United States Church of the Brethren[147] "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[148]
1937 Paul Karrer Switzerland Christian "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn Germany Roman Catholic "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[149]
1939 Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland Roman Catholic "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
1943 George de Hevesy Germany Roman Catholic [150]of Hungarian Jewish descent[151] "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[152]
1944 Otto Hahn Germany Protestant[153] "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[154]
1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland Protestant "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[155]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner United States Christian "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[156]
John Howard Northrop United States Christian "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[156]
Wendell Meredith Stanley United States Christian
1947 Sir Robert Robinson United Kingdom Protestant "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[157]
1949 William Francis Giauque United States Protestant "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[158]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels Federal Republic of Germany Christian "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[159]
Kurt Alder Federal Republic of Germany Christian
1953 Hermann Staudinger Federal Republic of Germany Christian "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[160]
1954 Linus Carl Pauling United States Raised as a member of the Lutheran Church,[161] Pauling publicly declared his atheism[162] "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[163]
1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz United Kingdom Raised Roman Catholic[164][165][166] "for his studies of the structures of globular proteins"[167]
1963 Karl Ziegler Federal Republic of Germany Lutheran[168] "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[169]
Giulio Natta Italy Roman Catholic
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin United Kingdom Christian[170] "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[171]
1969 Odd Hassel Norway Protestant "for his contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[172]
1970 Luis F. Leloir Argentina Roman Catholic[173] "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and his role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[174]
1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada/Germany Christian "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[175]
1975 John Warcup Cornforth Australia
United Kingdom 		Presbyterian[176] "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[177]
Vladimir Prelog Yugoslavia/Switzerland Roman Catholic "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[177]
1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield United States Christian[178] "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[179]
1990 Elias James Corey United States Christian (Eastern Orthodox)[180] "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[181]
1995 Mario J. Molina Mexico Roman Catholic[182] "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[183]
F. Sherwood Rowland United States Christian
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. United States Methodist[184] "for their discovery of fullerenes"[185]
Richard E. Smalley United States Christian[186]
2003 Peter Agre United States Lutheran[187][188][189] "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[190]
2007 Gerhard Ertl Germany Christian[191] "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[192]
2012 Brian Kobilka United States Roman Catholic[193] "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[194]
2014 Stefan W. Hell Romania Protestant[195] "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"[196]

Physiology or Medicine

[edit]
Year Laureate Country Denomination Rationale
1901 Emil Adolf von Behring Germany Protestant[197] "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[198]
1902 Sir Ronald Ross United Kingdom
India 		Protestant "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[199]
1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark
(Faroe Islands) 		Protestant "[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[200]
1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Russia Raised as Russian Orthodox,[201] Later he become an atheist [202] "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[203]
1905 Robert Koch Germany Christian "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[204]
1906 Camillo Golgi Italy Roman Catholic "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[205]
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain Roman Catholic[206]
1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland Protestant (Moravian Church)[207] "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[208]
1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany Protestant "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[209]
1912 Alexis Carrel France Roman Catholic[210] "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[211]
1919 Jules Bordet Belgium Christian "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[212]
1920 Schack August Steenberg Krogh Denmark Protestant "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[213]
1923 Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canada Protestant (United Church of Canada)[214] "for the discovery of insulin"[215]
1924 Willem Einthoven The Netherlands Protestant (Lutheran)[216][217] "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[218]
1926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger Denmark Lutheran[219] "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[220]
1928 Charles Jules Henri Nicolle France Roman Catholic "for his work on typhus"[221]
1929 Christiaan Eijkman The Netherlands Protestant "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[222]
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins United Kingdom Chrisian "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[222]
1930 Karl Landsteiner Austria converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism in 1890[223] "for his discovery of human blood groups"[224]
1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg Germany Christian[225] "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[226]
1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington United Kingdom Anglican[227] "for his discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[228]
1934 George Hoyt Whipple United States Protestant[229] "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[230]
George Richards Minot United States Protestant[231]
William Parry Murphy United States Protestant
1935 Hans Spemann Germany Protestant[232] "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[233]
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt Hungary Calvinist[234][235] "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[236]
1938 Corneille Jean François Heymans Belgium Roman Catholic[237] "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[238]
1939 Gerhard Domagk Germany Protestant[239] "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[240]
1943 Carl Peter Henrik Dam Denmark Protestant "for his discovery of vitamin K"[241]
Edward Adelbert Doisy United States Protestant (Congregationalists)[242] "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[241]
1945 Sir Alexander Fleming United Kingdom Roman Catholic[243] "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[244]
1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori United States Roman Catholic[245] "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[246]
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz United States Roman Catholic[247]
Bernardo Alberto Houssay Argentina Roman Catholic[248] "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[246]
1949 António Caetano Egas Moniz Portugal Roman Catholic[249] "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"[250]
1951 Max Theiler South Africa Protestant[251] "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[252]
1957 Daniel Bovet Italy Protestant "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[253]
1958 George Wells Beadle United States Christian[254] "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
Edward Lawrie Tatum United States Christian
1959 Severo Ochoa Spain
 Roman Catholic "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[255]
1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Australia Protestant[256] "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[257]
Sir Peter Brian Medawar Brazil
United Kingdom 		Raised as Maronite Catholic, then he become an atheist[258]
1961 Georg von Békésy United States Christian[259] "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[260]
1963 Sir John Carew Eccles Australia Roman Catholic[261] "for his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[262]
1967 Ragnar Granit Finland/Sweden Protestant "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[263]
Haldan Keffer Hartline United States Protestant
1972 Rodney Robert Porter United States Methodists[264] "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[265]
1974 Albert Claude Belgium Roman Catholic[266] "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[267]
Christian de Duve Belgium Brought up as a Roman Catholic. However his later years indicated inclination towards agnosticism[268]
George E. Palade Romania Eastern Orthodox
1975 Renato Dulbecco Italy
United States 		Roman Catholic "for his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[269]
1976 D. Carleton Gajdusek United States Calvinist[270] "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[271]
1978 Werner Arber Switzerland Protestant[272] "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[273]
1983 Barbara McClintock United States Protestant (Congregationalists)[85] "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[274]
1988 Sir James W. Black United Kingdom Protestant (Baptist)[96] "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[275]
George H. Hitchings United States Christian
1990 Joseph E. Murray United States Roman Catholic[276] "for his discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[277]
1992 Edmond H. Fischer[278] Switzerland
United States 		Protestant (Presbyterian) "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[279]
1995 Eric F. Wieschaus United States Roman Catholic "for his discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[280]
1998 Louis J. Ignarro United States Roman Catholic "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[281]
Ferid Murad United States Christian[282]
2000 Paul Greengard United States Protestant (Episcopalian)[283] "for his discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[284]
2002 Sir John E. Sulston United Kingdom Although brought up in a Christian family, Sulston lost his faith and become an atheist "for his discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[285]
2004 Linda B. Buck United States Christian "for her discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[286]
2007 Mario R. Capecchi United States Quaker[287] "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[288]
Sir Martin J. Evans United Kingdom Christian
2012 Sir John B. Gurdon United Kingdom Protestant (Anglican)[289] "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"[194]

Literature

[edit]
Year Laureate Country Denomination Rationale
1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany Protestant "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome"[290]
1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Norway Protestant[291] "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[292]
1904 Frédéric Mistral France Roman Catholic "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[293]
José Echegaray Spain Roman Catholic "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"[293]
1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland Roman Catholic[294] "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[295]
1909 Selma Lagerlöf  Sweden Christian[296] "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[297]
1910 Paul von Heyse Germany Protestant of Jewish descent "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[298]
1916 Verner von Heidenstam  Sweden Christian[299] "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[300]
1923 William Butler Yeats Ireland Anglica[301] "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[302]
1924 Władysław Reymont Poland Roman Catholic[303] "for his great national epic, The Peasants"[304]
1926 Grazia Deledda Italy Roman Catholic[305] "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[306]
1928 Sigrid Undset  Norway
(Born in  Denmark) 		Roman Catholic[307] "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[308]
1929 Thomas Mann Germany Protestant (Lutheran)[309][310] "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[311]
1933 Ivan Bunin France (Born in Russia) Eastern Orthodox "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[312]
1938 Pearl S. Buck  United States Protestant (Southern Presbyterian)[313] "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[314]
1945 Gabriela Mistral Chile Roman Catholic[315] "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[316]
1946 Hermann Hesse   Switzerland
(Born in Germany) 		Christian[317][318] "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[319]
1947 André Gide France Protestant[320] "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[321]
1948 T. S. Eliot  United Kingdom
(Born in the  United States) 		Anglican[322][323] "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"[324]
1949 William Faulkner  United States Protestant (Episcopalian) "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"[325]
1952 François Mauriac France Roman Catholic[326] "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"[327]
1953 Sir Winston Churchill  United Kingdom Anglican "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[328]
1954 Ernest Hemingway  United States Converts to Roman Catholicism[329] "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[330]
1955 Halldór Laxness  Iceland Converts to Roman Catholicism[331] "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[332]
1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez  Puerto Rico (Born in Spain) Roman Catholic "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[333]
1958 Boris Pasternak  Soviet Union Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism[334] "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[335]
1961 Ivo Andrić  Yugoslavia
(Born in  Austria-Hungary) 		Roman Catholic "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"[336]
1962 John Steinbeck  United States Raised Episcopalian[337] later he become agnostic "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[338]
1963 Giorgos Seferis Greece
(Born in the  Ottoman Empire) 		Greek Orthodox "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[339]
1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias  Guatemala Roman Catholic "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[340]
1969 Samuel Beckett  France (Born in  Ireland) Anglican (Church of Ireland) "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[341]
1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn  Soviet Union Eastern Orthodox[342] "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[343]
1972 Heinrich Böll Germany (West) Roman Catholic[344] "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[345]
1979 Odysseas Elytis  Greece Greek Orthodox "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[346]
1980 Czesław Miłosz  United States (Born in Poland) Roman Catholic[347] "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[348]
1982 Gabriel García Márquez  Colombia Roman Catholic[349] "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[350]
1989 Camilo José Cela  Spain Roman Catholic "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[351]
1990 Octavio Paz  Mexico Roman Catholic "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[352]
1992 Derek Walcott  Saint Lucia Protestant (Methodist )[353] "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[354]
1993 Toni Morrison  United States Roman Catholic[355] "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[356]
1999 Günter Grass  Germany Roman Catholic[357][358] "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"[359]
2003 J. M. Coetzee  South Africa
 Australia 		Protestant[360] "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[361]
2008 J. M. G. Le Clézio  France
 Mauritius 		Roman Catholic "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"[362]
2010 Mario Vargas Llosa  Peru
 Spain 		Roman Catholic[363] "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[364]

Peace

[edit]
Year Laureate Country Denomination Rationale
1902 Élie Ducommun   Switzerland Protestant "[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau"[365]
Charles Albert Gobat Protestant "[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"
1903 William Randal Cremer United Kingdom Methodist "[For his role as the] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[366]
1905 Bertha von Suttner  Austria-Hungary Roman Catholic[367] For authoring Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[28][368]
1906 Theodore Roosevelt  United States Protestant (Dutch Reformed Church)[369] "[F]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"[28][370]
1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy Roman Catholic "[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement"[28][371]
Louis Renault France Roman Catholic "[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague"
1909 Auguste Beernaert  Belgium Roman Catholic "[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[28][372]
Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant France Protestant (Calvinist) "[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration"[28][372]
1912 Elihu Root[A]  United States Protestant (Presbyterian) "[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court"[28][373]
1919 Woodrow Wilson  United States Protestant (Presbyterian)[374] "[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations"[28][375]
1921 Hjalmar Branting  Sweden Lutheran (Church of Sweden)[376] "[F]or his work in the League of Nations"[28][377]
Christian Lange  Norway Lutheran (Church of Norway) "[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[28][377]
1925 Austen Chamberlain[A]  United Kingdom Unitarian[378] For work on the Locarno Treaties[28][379]
Charles G. Dawes[A]  United States Protestant (Congregationalist) "[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925"[28][379]
1926 Gustav Stresemann Germany Protestant For work on the Locarno Treaties[28][380]
1927 Ferdinand Buisson France Protestant[381] "[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation"[28][62]
1930 Nathan Söderblom  Sweden Lutheran (Church of Sweden) "[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace"[28][382]
1931 Jane Addams  United States Protestant (Presbyterian)[383] "[F]or her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[28][384]
Nicholas Murray Butler Protestant (Episcopalian) "[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement"[28][384]
1934 Arthur Henderson  United Kingdom Protestant (Methodist)[385] "[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament"[28][386][387]
1935 Carl von Ossietzky[B] Germany Protestant (Lutheran)[388] "[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament"[28][389]
1945 Cordell Hull  United States Protestant (Episcopalian)[390] "[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization"[391]
1946 Emily Greene Balch  United States Quaker[392] "Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[393]
John Raleigh Mott Protestant (Methodist)[394] "Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"[393]
1947 Friends Service Council  United Kingdom Quaker "compassion for others and the desire to help them"[395]
American Friends Service Committee  United States Religious Society of Friends (Quaker)
1949 The Lord Boyd-Orr  United Kingdom Protestant (Free Church of Scotland)[396] "Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"[397]
1950 Ralph Bunche  United States Protestant (Baptist)[398] "Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"[399]
1952 Albert Schweitzer France Christian[400] "Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[401]
1953 George Catlett Marshall  United States Protestant (Episcopalian)[402] "General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'"[403]
1957 Lester Bowles Pearson  Canada Protestant (United Church of Canada)[404] "former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly";[405] "for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."[28]
1958 Dominique Pire  Belgium Roman Catholic "Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""[406]
1959 Philip Noel-Baker  United Kingdom Quaker[407] "Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"[408]
1960 Albert Lutuli South Africa
(Born in Southern Rhodesia) 		Protestant (Methodist) "President of the African National Congress,"[409] "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."[28]
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld[C]  Sweden Protestant (Lutheran)[410] "Secretary General of the U.N.,"[411] awarded "for strengthening the organization."[28]
1964 Martin Luther King, Jr.  United States Protestant (Baptist; Progressive National Baptist Convention) Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence."[412]
1970 Norman E. Borlaug  United States Protestant (Lutheran) "International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;"[413] "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."[28]
1971 Willy Brandt Germany (West) Protestant (Lutheran)[414] "Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"[415]
1974 Seán MacBride  Ireland
(Born in France) 		Roman Catholic[416] "President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia."[417] "For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"[28]
1976 Betty Williams  United Kingdom Roman Catholic "Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"[418]
Mairead Corrigan Roman Catholic[419]
1979 Mother Teresa  Albania (Born in Ottoman Kosovo) Roman Catholic[420] "Founder of Missionaries of Charity"[421]
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel  Argentina Roman Catholic[422] "Human rights leader;"[423] "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."[28]
1982 Alfonso García Robles  Mexico Roman Catholic "[for] his magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"[424][425]
1983 Lech Wałęsa Poland Roman Catholic[426] "Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"[427]
1984 Desmond Tutu  South Africa Protestant (Anglican) "Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"[428]
1987 Óscar Arias  Costa Rica Roman Catholic "for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"[429]
1993 Nelson Mandela  South Africa Protestant (Methodist)[430] "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"[431]
Frederik Willem de Klerk Protestant (Reformed)[432]
1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo  Indonesia Roman Catholic "for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[433]
José Ramos-Horta Roman Catholic
1998 John Hume  United Kingdom Roman Catholic[434] "for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[435]
David Trimble Protestant (Presbyterian)[436][437]
2000 Kim Dae-jung  South Korea Roman Catholic[438] "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[439]
2001 Kofi Annan, Photo: Harry Wad Kofi Annan  Ghana Protestant[440] "for his work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[441]
2002 Jimmy Carter  United States Protestant (Baptist)[442] "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[443]
2004 Wangari Muta Maathai  Kenya Roman Catholic[444] "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[445]
2007 Al Gore  United States Protestant (Baptist) "for his efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[446]
2008 Martti Ahtisaari  Finland Protestant (Lutheran) "for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[447]
2009 Barack Obama  United States Protestant[448] "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[449]
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf  Liberia Protestant (Methodist)[2] "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[450]
Leymah Gbowee Protestant (Lutheran)[451]

Economics

[edit]
Year Laureate Country Denomination Rationale
1969 Ragnar Frisch  Norway Protestant[96] "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes"
Jan Tinbergen  Netherlands Protestant
1975 File:Tjalling Koopmans.jpg Tjalling Koopmans  Netherlands
 United States 		Protestant "for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[452]
1979 Theodore Schultz  United States Protestant "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries."[453]
Arthur Lewis  Saint Lucia
 United Kingdom 		Roman Catholic[454]
1982 George Stigler  United States Christian[455] "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"[456]
1986 James M. Buchanan  United States Protestant[457] "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"[458]
1988 Maurice Allais  France Roman Catholic "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"[459]
1989 Trygve Haavelmo  Norway Protestant[460] "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures"[461]
1994 John Harsanyi  United States Raised a devout Catholic,[462] later he abandoned Catholicism "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games."[463]
John Forbes Nash He was baptized in the Episcopal Church[464] later he become an atheist
Reinhard Selten  Germany Raised as Protestant,[465] later he left the church
1996 William Vickrey  Canada
 United States 		Quaker [466] "for his fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"[467]
2003 Robert F. Engle  United States Quaker[468] "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"[469]
Clive Granger  United Kingdom Christian "for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)"[469]
2009 Elinor Ostrom  United States Protestant[470] "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[471]
2010 Christopher A. Pissarides  Cyprus Eastern Orthodox[472] "for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[473]
2013 Eugene F. Fama  United States Roman Catolic[474] "for their empirical analysis of asset prices."
Robert J. Shiller Protestant (Methodist)[475]

Nobel laureates converted to Christianity

[edit]
Year of laureate Laureate Laureate category Former religion Converted to
1912 Alexis Carrel Physiology
or Medicine 		Atheism Roman Catholicism[210]
1918 Fritz Haber Chemistry Judaism Protestantism-Lutheranism[132]
1928 Sigrid Undset Literature Agnosticism Roman Catholicism[476]
1930 Karl Landsteiner Physiology
or Medicine 		Judaism Roman Catholicism[223]
1949 Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz Physiology
or Medicine 		Judaism Roman Catholicism[477]
1954 Max Born Physics Judaism Protestantism-Lutheranism[78]
1958 Boris Pasternak Literature Judaism Eastern Orthodoxy[478]
1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Literature Atheism Eastern Orthodoxy[479]
1980 Czesław Miłosz Literature Atheism Roman Catholicism[347]
2000 Kim Dae-jung Peace Undetermined Roman Catholicism[438]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ He stated that: "Both Religion and science require a belief in God. For believers, God is in the beginning, and for physicists He is at the end of all considerations… To the former He is the foundation, to the latter, the crown of the edifice of every generalized world view."

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davis & Falconer, J.J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron
  2. ^ a b "Gov't Rejects Newspaper Story". The News 2014-05-07. Accessed 2014-05-09.
  3. ^ "Nobel Prize" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 14 November 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:

    An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969
  4. ^ "All Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
  5. ^ a b Baruch A. Shalev, 100 Years of Nobel Prizes (2003),Atlantic Publishers & Distributors , p.57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religion. Most 65.4% have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. While separating Roman Catholic from Protestants among Christians proved difficult in some cases, available information suggests that more Protestants were involved in the scientific categories and more Catholics were involved in the Literature and Peace categories. Atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers comprise 10.5% of total Nobel Prize winners; but in the category of Literature, these preferences rise sharply to about 35%. A striking fact involving religion is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faith - over 20% of total Nobel Prizes (138); including: 17% in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine and Physics, 40% in Economics and 11% in Peace and Literature each. The numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some 14 million people (0.02% of the world's population) are Jewish. By contrast, only 5 Nobel Laureates have been of the Muslim faith-0.8% of total number of Nobel prizes awarded - from a population base of about 1.2 billion (20% of the world‘s population)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Shalev, Baruch (2005). 100 Years of Nobel Prizes. p. 59
  7. ^ a b c d Shalev, Baruch (2005). 100 Years of Nobel Prizes. p. 60
  8. ^ 33.2% of 6.7 billion world population (under the section 'People') "World". CIA world facts.
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  26. ^ Philipp Lenard
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  38. ^ Sir William Bragg from Britannica
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  43. ^ Charles Glover Barkla, Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography (2008)
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  47. ^ Johannes Stark
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  50. ^ Science and Religion in Dialogue, Two Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. p. 416. ISBN 9781405189217. On the other hand Bohr wrote of his admiration for the writing and presentation of Kierkegaard – at the same time stating he could not accept some of it. Part of this may have followed from Kierkegaard being a very avowed, yet rather circuitous proponent of a costly Christian faith, while after a youth of confirming faith Bohr himself was a non-believer.
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  53. ^ The Religious Affiliation of Physicist Robert Andrews Millikan. adherents.com
  54. ^ Nobel biography. nobelprize.org.
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  83. ^ Szanton 1992, pp. 60–61.
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  89. ^ Brian 2001, p. 117.
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