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User:Jnestorius/Saint Patrick's Batallion (Papal States)

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User:Jnestorius/Piedmontese campaign in the Papal States

The Batallion of Saint Patrick, colloquially called the Irish Brigade, was the Irish component of the Papal army of Catholic volunteers which was raised after the 1859 Austro-Sardinian War to defend the Papal States from the forces fighting for Italian unification. About 1300 men travelled from Ireland to Italy between March and May 1860, of whom over 1000 saw service during the brief Piedmontese campaign in the Papal States in August and September. After Piedmont-Sardinia's easy conquest of the Papal legations of Marche and Umbria, the Irish prisoners of war were taken to Genoa, from where they returned overland to Le Havre and thence by ship. Upon arrival at Queenstown (now Cobh) in County Cork on 3 November 1860, they received a hero's welcome. A small number stayed in Rome, as the Company of Saint Patrick or Irish Zouaves within the Papal Zouaves, which was disbanded after the Capture of Rome in 1870.

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Sources

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Primary
  • Hansard 1860:
    • HC Deb 11 May 1860 vol 158 cc1128-30 INSURRECTION IN SICILY. QUESTION.
      • Mountstuart Duff the recruiting that was going on in Ireland for the troops of the Pope ... was so perfectly illegal that he could only suppose the reason why the Government did not interfere to put a stop to it was that, while other countries were sending the sweepings of their gaols to reinforce the cutthroats of Perugia, they might allow the example to be followed in Ireland
      • Solicitor General: only statute in any way bearing on a case of this description was, the 59th George III., commonly called the Foreign Enlistment Act. It prohibited two things—the enlisting of soldiers, and fitting out or equipping vessels of war for service, under or against, foreign Governments. It did not in any way touch subscriptions
    • HC Deb 14 May 1860 vol 158 c1206 FOREIGN ENLISTMENT.—QUESTION. Andrew Steuart protests, Edward Cardwell says govt will take any measure
    • HC Deb 17 May 1860 vol 158 cc1367-87 INSURRECTION IN SICILY.—SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR GARIBALDI. OBSERVATIONS. Garibaldi and Pope supporters question different treatment
    • HC Deb 17 May 1860 vol 158 cc1393-413 INSURRECTION IN SICILY.—SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR GARIBALDI. OBSERVATIONS. continued
    • HC Deb 25 May 1860 vol 158 cc1773-82 ITALY.—THE NEAPOLITAN STATES. OBSERVATIONS. Similar, also brings in Naples as well as pope
    • HC Deb 18 June 1860 vol 159 cc571-80 ITALY.—FOREIGN ENLISTMENT.—THE PAPAL ARMY.—OBSERVATIONS. Edward Cardwell "About the 26th of May last the Government were first informed that persons were being engaged in Ireland, under pretence, as it was at first stated, of going to make a railroad at Ancona, but, as was suspected and believed, for the purpose of their being enrolled in the army which was being raised for the service of the Pope. The Government immediately acted upon that knowledge, and caused, not a proclamation, but a police notice, containing an accurate statement of what was the law on the subject of foreign enlistment, to be universally circulated throughout the length and breadth of Ireland. Why it should be ridiculed he did not know; it was a simple statement of the terms of the Act of Parliament, and was intended to inform the people what they were prohibited by law from doing, and what the penalty would be if they continued to do the acts so prohibited. At the same time orders were given to the constabulary to enforce the law. Those orders had never been in any degree enfeebled by any instructions or want of instructions of the Government, and they 575 were the orders under which the constabulary had acted from that day to the present. The Government had received continual reports from the constabulary officers, and those reports had been regularly submitted to the legal advisers of the Crown. He was very glad to have to reply to his hon. and learned Friend, because, as no one was better acquainted than he was with the proceedings of courts of law, no one could better appreciate the difference between statements in newspapers and the evidence necessary to sustain a prosecution. All he could say was that when statements had reached the Government which afforded the least reason to believe that further inquiry might furnish evidence which would sustain a prosecution, he had always directed that further inquiry should be made, more especially if the evidence was against, not the individuals offering for service, but the much more culpable persons constituting themselves agents for obtaining recruits for the Papal service. There had not, however, been a single case in which the legal advisers of the Crown thought it possible that the Crown could institute a prosecution."
    • HC Deb 16 August 1860 vol 160 cc1369-74 ENGLISH RECRUITS FOR GARIBALDI. QUESTION. John Pope-Hennessy: They might either serve under a Sovereign in amity with the Queen, or under a Sovereign not in amity with the Queen, or serve under an sinurrectionary chief. In the first case, the enlistment would be a breach of the Foreign Enlistment Act, and in the other cases there could not be a doubt that either would be a breach of the common law of England.
  • Foreign Enlistment Act 1819 [59 George III chapter 69]
Other
  • Coulombe, Charles A. (2009-11-24). The Pope's Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230617568. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  • Doyle, Robert (September–October 2010). "The pope's Irish battalion, 1860". History Ireland. 18 (5).
  • Kenneally, Ian (3 March 2010). "3: The Irish battalion in the Papal army". Courage and Conflict: Forgotten Stories of the Irish at War. Collins Press. ISBN 9781848890657. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  • Mac Giolla Choille, Breandán (1962). "Appendix IV : Irish Volunteers for the Papal Army 1860" (PDF). Fifty-Ninth Report of the Deputy Keeper Of The Public Records And Keeper Of The State Papers In Ireland. Official publications. Vol. Pr.7092. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 85–105.
  • Murphy, David. "Keogh, Myles Walter". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  • O'Brien, Jennifer (May 2005). "Irish Public Opinion and the Risorgimento, 1859–60". Irish Historical Studies. 34 (135). Cambridge University Press: 289–305. doi:10.1017/S002112140000448X. JSTOR 30008671. S2CID 159599798. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  • O'Connor, Anne (2009). "Triumphant failure: the return of the Irish Papal Brigade to Cork, November 1860". Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society. Ser. 2, Vol. 114: 39–50. hdl:10379/5946.
  • O'Connor, Anne (2016). "That dangerous serpent: Garibaldi and Ireland 1860–1870". Modern Italy. 15 (4): 401–415. doi:10.1080/13532944.2010.506292. hdl:10379/5803. ISSN 1353-2944. S2CID 145749403.
  • O'Driscoll, Florry (2016). "'Confounding the Garibaldian Liars': The Letters of Albert Delahoyde, Irish Soldier of the Papal Battalion of St Patrick and Papal Zouave in Italy, 1860-1870". Studi Irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies. 6. Firenze University Press: 49–63. doi:10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-18455. ISSN 2239-3978.
  • de Poli, Oscar (1868). Les soldats du pape (1860-1867) (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Ryan, Des (Winter 2003). "The Pope's Emigrants" (PDF). The Old Limerick Journal. 39: 17–22.
  • "Cap.VII". Cronaca della guerra d'Italia del 1859 (in Italian). Vol. 3. Riete: Tipografia Tiberina. 1861.
  • "Raising funds for Papal 'crusaders'". Clare Champion. November 2014.

Citations

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Further reading

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  • Berkeley, George Fitz-Hardinge (1929). The Irish Battalion in the papal army of 1860. Dublin: Talbot Press.
  • Corcoran, Donal (2018). The Irish brigade in the Pope's army 1860: faith, fatherland and fighting. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781846827266.
  • Murphy, David James (2007). The Irish Brigades 1685-2006: A Gazetteer of Irish Military Service, Past and Present. Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781846820809.
  • O'Driscoll, Florry (2019). "For the Pope and Rome: Irish Catholic Soldiers of the Papal Battalion of St. Patrick in Italy in 1860". Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622–1908. pp. 193–211. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95975-7_9. ISBN 978-3-319-95975-7. S2CID 166151702.
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Category:Military of the Papal States Category:1860s in the Papal States Category:Irish regiments in European armies Category:Military units and formations of the Wars of Italian Independence Category:History of Catholicism in Ireland Category:1860 in Ireland Category:Holy See–Ireland relations

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