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Pyrocystis fusiformis
Intro
Morphology
P. fusiformis is often referred to as a "large dinoflagellate"[1][2]
In the laboratory, two different types bioluminescent flashes have been observed. One is brighter and quick, while the other is dimmer but longer-lasting. The intensity and duration of these flashes are dependent on the time a cell has to recharge in between emitting light, with recovery periods varying between 15-60 minutes and 6 hours for fatigued cells. [3]
Life Cycle
The reproductive cells of P. fusiformis are not flagellated.[4] Observed in the laboratory under culture, asexual reproduction begins when the protoplast contracts away from the parental cell wall. In P. fusiformis, the protoplasm contracts near the middle of the cell forming two lobes, as opposed to Pyrocystis lunula, which forms crescent moon-like shapes while dividing. Once the protoplasm divides, it differentiates into reproductive cells. These cells then swell very quickly, creating new parent cells. [4]
Ecology
In oligotrophic water, nitrogen (N) is a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth[5]. Nitrate (NO−3) and ammonium (NH+4), both inorganic form of nitrogen, are most often taken up by phytoplankton and are necessary for growth and metabolic processes.[1] P. fusiformis is known to metabolize both nitrate and ammonium at relatively equal rates during both the day and the night, and is able to take in nitrate at depths of 120m or greater, deeper than many other phytoplankton. [1]
P. fusiformis is also able to take advantage of surplus carbon (C) in surface waters by using what it needs for metabolic processes immediately, and then catabolizing and storing excess C for use at greater depths, allowing it have a relatively constant rate of cell division throughout the euphotic zone. [6]
Phytoplankton including P. fusiformis play a large role in global carbon cycling by fixing carbon while also producing a large amount of oxygen through photosynthesis. Some oxygen produced by phytoplankton is dissolved into marine waters and helps support respiration for heterotrophic organisms. However, large quantities of oxygen diffuse into the atmosphere through surface waters, contributing up to 50% of the world’s atmospheric oxygen[7]. Phytoplankton also form the basis of the marine food chain... They contribute to the primary production of the ocean through the fixing of carbon into usable energy.[8]
,and has been found as deep as 200 m in the Sargasso Sea. [1]
Human Interest
References
- ^ a b c d Bhovichitra, Mahn; Swift, Elijah (1977). "Light and dark uptake of nitrate and ammonium by large oceanic dinoflagellates: Pyrocystis noctiluca, Pyrocystis fusiformis, and Dissodinium lunula1". Limnology and Oceanography. 22 (1): 73–83. doi:10.4319/lo.1977.22.1.0073. ISSN 1939-5590.
- ^ Sweeney, Beatrice M. (1982-07). "Interaction of the Circadian Cycle with the Cell Cycle in Pyrocystis fusiformis". Plant Physiology. 70 (1): 272–276. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 1067124. PMID 16662459.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Widder, Edith A.; Case, James F. (1981-03-01). "Two flash forms in the bioluminescent dinoflagellate,Pyrocystis fusiformis". Journal of comparative physiology. 143 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1007/BF00606067. ISSN 1432-1351.
- ^ a b Swift, Elijah; Durbin, Edward G. (1971). "Similarities in the asexual reproduction of the oceanic dinoflagellates Pyrocystis fusiformis, Pyrocystis lunula, and Pyrocystis noctiluca". Journal of Phycology. 7: 89–96. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1971.tb01486.x – via ResearchGate.
- ^ "Trophic state index", Wikipedia, 2020-04-21, retrieved 2020-04-25
- ^ Rivkin, Richard B.; Swift, Elijah; Biggley, William H.; Voytek, Mary A. (1984-04-01). "Growth and carbon uptake by natural populations of oceanic dinoflagellates Pyrocystis noctiluca and Pyrocystis fusiformis". Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers. 31 (4): 353–367. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(84)90089-X. ISSN 0198-0149.
- ^ Field, C. B. (1998-07-10). "Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components". Science. 281 (5374): 237–240. doi:10.1126/science.281.5374.237.
- ^ Morel, A. (2002-06-14). "OCEANOGRAPHY: Small Critters--Big Effects". Science. 296 (5575): 1980–1982. doi:10.1126/science.1072561. ISSN 0036-8075.