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Sugar mill owners in 1898 - 1945 had made their sugar mills turn into a monocultural plantation in the 20th century economy. The Sugar mill, Tobacco and the cigar and cigarette factories gained the United States attention due the fast production and large amount. Women and children were the ones working in these industries. Puerto Rican trades had go to the United States 95% of the time. In 1914, the coffee production that once was steady had failed.[1]
The sugar industry raised along with the economy. The mill owners who were Puerto Ricans and the people who lived on the island who were French and Spanish took the United States corporate capital. The United States had four operations were part of the United sugar refineries that was owned Cuba and the Dominican Republic [2]. In1870, Congress made the tariff wall in order to domestic producers of sugar. This had an effect of sugar producers into bankruptcy. United States acquired jurisdiction over Puerto Rico where there was free trade between the two. Capital flowed into Puerto Rico with the effect of modernizing its sugar processing mills due to the United States influence [3]
The United States had formed a Tobacco Trust that had basis rules for cigarettes, but Puerto Ricans had issues when it came to brand and local marketing. The Tobacco Trust controlled cigarettes and the cigar production as well as controlled the tobacco leaf. There was fall of the industry due to the exports[4]
During the time when sugar was not going well the coffee in the late 1800s. What changed the coffee production started when the export production replaces the farming. People lost their land and properties, the amount of land disposal shark and the people hoped that Europe will take part in trade of coffee but they did not. Coffee makers were not happy with them being controlled by the United States. In 1933 most of the people worked as families instead of individuals most likely due to 90 percent of the output due to them being poor[5]
In 1899, the United States took over rich lands that influenced Puerto Rico economy that soon made Puerto Rico a state that was more capitalized in operation. There was no limit in their treads to the United States, the sugar industry had expanded and irrigation payments. The taxes Hollander Act was taxiing 2 percent on rural property in 1901. This made the people very angry and the people protested The people were able to bring the tax down to 1 percent but, this still forced landowners to sell their land[1]
Economic and social modernization
[edit]The American program included building up a modern economic infrastructure that included roads, ports, electric power systems, and telephones and telegraphs, as well as hospitals and programs to develop agriculture.
The American administrators put great emphasis on developing a modern school system. The schools became an important arena for cultural identity, as promoted by the middle-class local teachers who rejected the idea of creating Hispanic Yankees speaking only English, and instead sought to have an autonomous Puerto Rican culture that incorporated the best of modern pedagogy and learning, with a respect for the island's Hispanic language and cultural traditions. One shock came in 1935, however, when a New York study found Puerto Rican schoolchildren in New York City to be seriously deficient in basic skills.[48]
Sugar mill owners in 1898 - 1945 had made their sugar mills turn into a monocultural plantation in the 20th century economy. The Sugar mill, Tobacco and the cigar and cigarette factories gained the United States attention due the fast production and large amount. Women and children were the ones working in these industries. Puerto Rican trades had go to the United States 95% of the time. In 1914, the coffee production that once was steady had failed.[2]
The sugar industry raised along with the economy. The mill owners who were Puerto Ricans and the people who lived on the island who were French and Spanish took the United States corporate capital. The United States had four operations were part of the United sugar refineries that was owned Cuba and the Dominican Republic [3]. In1870, Congress made the tariff wall in order to domestic producers of sugar. This had an effect of sugar producers into bankruptcy. United States acquired jurisdiction over Puerto Rico where there was free trade between the two. Capital flowed into Puerto Rico with the effect of modernizing its sugar processing mills due to the United States influence [4]
The United States had formed a Tobacco Trust that had basis rules for cigarettes, but Puerto Ricans had issues when it came to brand and local marketing. The Tobacco Trust controlled cigarettes and the cigar production as well as controlled the tobacco leaf. There was fall of the industry due to the exports[5]
During the time when sugar was not going well the coffee in the late 1800s. What changed the coffee production started when the export production replaces the farming. People lost their land and properties, the amount of land disposal shark and the people hoped that Europe will take part in trade of coffee but they did not. Coffee makers were not happy with them being controlled by the United States. In 1933 most of the people worked as families instead of individuals most likely due to 90 percent of the output due to them being poor[6]
In 1899, the United States took over rich lands that influenced Puerto Rico economy that soon made Puerto Rico a state that was more capitalized in operation. There was no limit in their treads to the United States, the sugar industry had expanded and irrigation payments. The taxes Hollander Act was taxiing 2 percent on rural property in 1901. This made the people very angry and the people protested The people were able to bring the tax down to 1 percent but, this still forced landowners to sell their land[7]
Puerto Rico's agricultural economy was transformed into a sugar monoculture economy, supplemented by gardens for local consumption. American sugar companies had an advantage over the local sugar plantation owners. The local plantation owner could finance his operations only at local banks which offered high interest rates, compared to the low rates that the American companies received from the commercial banks in Wall Street. This factor, plus the tariffs imposed, forced many of the local sugar plantation owners to go bankrupt or to sell their holdings to the more powerful sugar companies. Sugar was considered one of the few strategic commodities in which the United States was not fully self-sufficient.[49]
The coming of U.S rule had a complex, even contradictory impact on Puerto Rican culture and sense of identity. From the start, U. S colonial authorities sought to reshape the islanders in their own image by the process of Americanization. This project prominently included the attempt to impose English through its use as the language of instruction in an expanding public school system.
Although educators and families rejected some tenets of Americanization such as the imposition of English language instruction, they also redefined and appropriated others to their benefit to increase literacy and skills required for better occupations and social mobility. Public schools teachers acted as intermediaries between the colonial state and the local population, and in the process elaborated their own views of the island's national identity. These U.S. policies to create and boild Puerto Rico's school system generated both individual and collective resistance among some Puerto Ricans. Teachers and students diverged from officials directives and conducted classes in Spanish. The Asociación de Maestros, organized in 1913, demanded that Spanish be adopted as the language of instruction. But, in spite of such attitudes, U.S. education initiatives were not without merit. After 1898, thousands gained access to primary education. From 1901 to 1017, school enrollment grew from 30,000 to 150,000. (Ayala pg. 78).
The 1910 and 1920s teaching force united under the leadership of the AMPR (Association de Maestros of Puerto Rico), which was founded to challenge the assaults from the colonial state and municipal school boards. The members of these associacion acted as the representatives of all local teacher and emerged as the leading voice of the profession to promote their professional demands before the new US colonial authority. (Del Moral pg. 76). Puerto Rican teachers in the early twentieth century proposed their own interpretations of social eugenics. In their speeches, petitions, and letters to newspaper and legislators, they advocate policies they believed could lead to the regeneration of the nation. They believed that they would contribute to the regeneration of the people through teaching home economics, physical education, and rural agriculture. Children, then, as they brought home lessons from school, could serve as a model for parents (Del Moral pg. 77).
- ^ Ayala, Bernabe, Cesar, Rafael (2007). Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898. U.S.A: Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898. p. 37.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ayala, Bernabe, Cesar, Rafael. Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 35.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ayala, Bernabe, Cesar, Rafael (2007). Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898. U.S.A: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 36.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bechara, Dennis (1982-10-01). "The Development of Puerto Rico | Dennis Bechara". Retrieved 2016-11-14.
- ^ Ayala, Bernabe, Cesar, Rafael (2007). Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898. U.S.A: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 42.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ayala, Bernabe, Cesar, Rafael (2007). Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898. U.S.A: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 47.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ayala, Bernabe, Cesar, Rafael (2007). Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898. U.S.A: Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898. p. 37.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)