User:Jamgoodman/sandbox
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In cell biology, there are several signalling pathways.[2] Cell signalling is part of the molecular biology system that controls and coordinates the actions of cells.
The canonical pathway for each signalling pathway is given but there may be multiple non-canonical pathways and negative regulators. Arrows represent activation, which may involve very different mechanisms for different molecules. Homologues of molecules may have different names in different species so the names of the human homologues are given.
The general schema for a signalling pathway is ligand → receptor → adaptor molecules/second messengers → effector protein (kinase/transcription factor)
Signalling pathways can be complex networks with many members and positive or negative regulators. There can be interactions between many of the signalling pathways listed below.
Members of pathways may represent multiple different molecules or isoforms of proteins.
The outcome of a signalling pathway is not determined by the pathway alone but also by the state of the cell including the concentration and location of each member of the pathway and
- PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway:
- GF → RTK → PI3K → PIP3 → Akt (note: PI3K also activates PKC) → mTOR
- GPCR → G protein → PI3K → PIP3 → Akt → mTOR
- mTOR signalling pathway: mTOR →
- PIP3 → Akt signalling pathway → Akkalpha/mTOR/(inhibition of Bad)
- AMPK signalling pathway: Kinase (CAMKK2 or TAK1) → AMPK
- Eph/ephrin signalling pathway: Ephrin → Eph
- G protein-coupled receptor pathway: GPCR → G protein → enzyme → second messenger → effector
- cAMP-dependent pathway: Gs coupled GPCR → Gs → AC → cAMP → PKA → CREB
- Hedgehog signalling pathway: SHH ⊣ patched → SMO → GLI
- Hippo signalling pathway: Hpo → Wts → Yki → Scalloped
- Insulin signal transduction pathway: Insulin → Insulin receptor → PI3K pathway / MAPK signalling pathway
- JAK-STAT signalling pathway: Cytokine → cytokine receptor → JAK → STAT
- Notch signalling pathway: notch ligand → notch receptor
- PKC pathway:
- Gq coupled GPCR → Gq → PLC → DAG → PKC → NFkB/Raf
- PI3K → PKC → NFkB/Raf
- Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway:
- RTK → Grb2/Sos → Ras → Raf (MAPKKK) → Mek (MAPKK) → ERK (MAPK) → MNK/MSK/MYC
- GPCR → G protein → Ras
- TGF beta signalling pathway: TGFB superfamily ligand → type 2 receptor → type 1 receptor → R-SMADs → SMAD4
- Nodal signalling pathway: Nodal → Activin → Smad2 → TFs (FoxH1/p53/mixer)
- TLR signalling pathway: TLR ligand → TLR → adapter proteins (IKKi, IRAK1, IRAK4, and TBK1) → effectors (NFkB, IRF3)
- EGF signalling pathway: EGF → EGFR → GRB2 → SOS → Ras/Raf/Mek pathway
- Wnt signalling pathway: Wnt → Frizzled → Dishevelled → GSK3beta → APC → Beta catenin
- FasR/Caspase signalling pathway: Death factor (FasL/Tnf) → FasR → FADD → Caspase 8
- Integrin pathway:
References
[edit]- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Schultzwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Signaling Pathways". Tocris. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
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Capsaicinoids
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The class of compounds causing pungency in plants like chili peppers is called capsaicinoids, which display a linear correlation between concentration and Scoville scale, and may vary in content during ripening.[1] Capsaicin is the major capsaicinoid in chili peppers.[2] The pharmacological potency for each capsaicinoid is also listed.
| Scoville heat units | Chemical | Potency | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16,000,000,000 | Resiniferatoxin | 38.4 to 47.6 pM | [3][4] |
| 5,300,000,000 | Tinyatoxin | [5] | |
| 15,000,000 to 16,000,000 | Capsaicin, Dihydrocapsaicin | capsaicin: 99 nM (EC50)[6] | [7][8] |
| 9,200,000 | Nonivamide | [7] | |
| 9,100,000 | Nordihydrocapsaicin | [7][8] | |
| 8,600,000 | Homocapsaicin, Homodihydrocapsaicin | [7] | |
| 160,000 | Shogaol | [9] | |
| 100,000 to 200,000 | Piperine | [10] | |
| 60,000 | Gingerol | [9] | |
| 16,000[citation needed] | Capsiate | 290 nM (EC50) | [6] |
- ^ Nagy, Z; Daood, H; Ambrózy, Z; Helyes, L (2015). "Determination of Polyphenols, Capsaicinoids, and Vitamin C in New Hybrids of Chili Peppers". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2015: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2015/102125. PMC 4606152. PMID 26495153.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Improved method for quantifying capsaicinoids in Capsicum using high-performance liquid chromatography". HortScience. 30 (1): 137–139. 1995.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Ellsworth, Pamela; Wein, Alan J. (2009). Questions and Answers about Overactive Bladder. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-1449631130.
- ^ Acs, G.; Lee, J.; Marquez, V. E.; Blumberg, P. M. (1996-1). "Distinct structure-activity relations for stimulation of 45Ca uptake and for high affinity binding in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and dorsal root ganglion membranes". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 35 (1–2): 173–182. ISSN 0169-328X. PMID 8717353.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Premkumar, Louis S. (2014-06-13). "Transient Receptor Potential Channels as Targets for Phytochemicals". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 5 (11): 1117–1130. doi:10.1021/cn500094a. ISSN 1948-7193. PMC 4240255. PMID 24926802.
- ^ a b https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4477151/pdf/openhrt-2015-000262.pdf.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b c d Govindarajan, Sathyanarayana (1991). "Capsicum — Production, Technology, Chemistry, and Quality. Part V. Impact on Physiology, Pharmacology, Nutrition, and Metabolism; Structure, Pungency, Pain, and Desensitization Sequences". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 29 (6): 435–474.
- ^ a b O'Keefe, James H.; DiNicolantonio, James J.; McCarty, Mark F. (2015-06-01). "Capsaicin may have important potential for promoting vascular and metabolic health". Open Heart. 2 (1): e000262. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2015-000262. ISSN 2053-3624.
- ^ a b Compton, Richard G.; Batchelor-McAuley, Christopher; Ngamchuea, Kamonwad; Chaisiwamongkhol, Korbua (2016-10-31). "Electrochemical detection and quantification of gingerol species in ginger (Zingiber officinale) using multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrodes". Analyst. 141 (22): 6321–6328. doi:10.1039/C6AN02254E. ISSN 1364-5528.
- ^ Mangathayaru, K. (2013). Pharmacognosy: An Indian perspective. Pearson Education India. p. 274. ISBN 9789332520264.