User:James Kemp/Trident missile

Trident II
Trident II
Type	SLBM
Service history
In service	1990–present
Used by	United States; United Kingdom
Production history
Manufacturer	Lockheed Martin Space Systems
Unit cost	$30.9 million
Specifications
Mass	58,500 kg (130,000 lb)
Length	44 ft (13.41 m)
Diameter	83 in (2.11 m)
Warhead	up to Eight W76/W88
Blast yield	Up to 3.8 megatons
Engine	three stage solid propellant
Operational; range	up to 7000 miles (11300 km)
Maximum speed	> 21,030 km/h (>6000 m/s)
Guidance; system	Inertial guidance system, with celestial reference

The Trident missile, named after the trident, is a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) which is armed with nuclear warheads and is launched from SSBNs, nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines. Trident missiles are carried by fourteen active US Navy Ohio class submarines and, with British warheads, four Royal Navy Vanguard class submarines.

Development

Trident I (C4) was deployed in 1979 and phased out in the 1990s and early 2000s. Trident II (D5) was first deployed in 1990, and was planned to be in service for the thirty year life of the submarines, until 2027.

Trident missiles are provided to the United Kingdom under the terms of the 1963 Polaris Sales Agreement which was modified in 1982 for Trident. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had written to President Carter on July 10 1980 to request that he approve supply of Trident I missiles. However in 1982 Thatcher wrote to President Reagan to request the United Kingdom be allowed to procure the Trident II (Trident D5) system, the procurement of which had been accelerated by the US Navy. This was agreed in March 1982.^[2] Under the agreement, the United Kingdom made a 5% research and development contribution.

D5 Life Extension

A decision was taken in 2002 to extend the life of the submarines and the D5 missiles to forty-five years. This requires a D5 Life Extension (D5LE) Program, which is currently ongoing. The main aim is to replace obsolete components at minimal cost, while maintaining the demonstrated performance of the existing missiles. The British Prime Minister was quoted as saying the issue would be fully debated in Parliament prior to a decision being taken. [1] However, on December 4 2006, Tony Blair outlined plans in Parliament to build a new generation of submarines to carry existing Trident missiles, and join the D5LE project to refurbish them. [2]

Description

The launch from the submarine occurs below the ocean surface. The missiles are ejected from their tubes by gas pressure created by a "gas generator", a solid-fuel rocket motor attached to the bottom of the missile tube which heats a pool of water creating steam. After the missile leaves the tube and rises through the water over the submarine, the first stage motor ignites, the aerospike extends, and the boost phase begins. Ideally, the missile is "sheathed" in gas bubbles for its entire time in the water, so liquid never touches the missile. When the third stage motor fires, within two minutes of launch, the missile is traveling faster than 20,000 ft/s (6,000 m/s), or 12,000 mph.

The Trident was built in two variants: the I (C4) UGM-96A and II (D5) UGM-133A. The C4 and D5 designations put the missiles within the "family" that started in 1960 with Polaris (A1, A2 and A3) and continued with the 1971 Poseidon (C3). Both Trident versions are three-stage, solid-propellant, inertially guided missiles whose range is increased by an aerospike, a telescoping outward extension that halves aerodynamic drag.

Trident I (C4) UGM-96A

The first eight Ohio-class subs were built with the Trident I missiles. Trident Is were also retrofitted onto 12 SSBNs of the James Madison and Benjamin Franklin classes, replacing Poseidon missiles.

Characteristics

Purpose: strategic nuclear deterrence
Contractor: Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Sunnyvale, California
Propulsion: three stage solid propellant
Length: 34 ft (10.2 m)
Weight: 73,000 lb (33,142 kg)
Diameter: 74 in (1.8 m)
Range: 7400 km (4,600 statute miles)
Guidance system: inertial, with stellar sensor update
CEP: 1250 ft (380 m)
Warhead: nuclear multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRV). Eight W76 (100 kt) warheads (Mark 4).
Date deployed: 1979

Trident II (D5) UGM-133A

The second variant of the Trident is more sophisticated and can carry a heavier payload. It is accurate enough to be a first strike weapon. All three stages of the Trident II are made of graphite epoxy, making the missile much lighter. The Trident II was the original missile on the British Vanguard and later Ohio SSBNs.

Characteristics

Purpose: strategic nuclear deterrence
Contractor: Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Sunnyvale, California
Unit Cost: $30.9 million
Propulsion: three stage solid propellant
Length: 44 ft (13.41 m)
Weight: 130,000 lb (58,500 kg)
Diameter: 83 in (2.11 m)
Range: 12000 km (7,500 statute miles)
Maximum speed: 29,030 km/h (18,000 mph)
Guidance system: inertial, with stellar sensor update
CEP: 300 ft (90 m)
Warhead (in USA usage only): nuclear MIRV. Up to eight W88 (475 kt) warheads (Mark 5) or eight W76 (100 kt) warheads (Mark 4).
Date deployed: 1990

Conventional Trident

The Pentagon proposed the Conventional Trident Modification program in 2006 to diversify its strategic options, as part of a broader long-term strategy to develop worldwide rapid strike capabilities, dubbed "Prompt Global Strike".

The US $503 million program would have converted existing Trident II missiles (presumably two missiles per submarine) into conventional weapons, by fitting them with modified Mk4 reentry vehicles equipped with GPS for navigation update and a reentry guidance and control (trajectory correction) segment to perform 10m class impact accuracy. No explosive is said to be used since the reentry vehicle's mass and hypersonic impact velocity provide sufficient mechanical energy and "effect". It offered the promise of accurate conventional strikes with little warning and flight time.

The primary drawback would have been establishing sufficient warning systems so that other nuclear countries would not mistake it for a nuclear launch. For that reason among others, this project raised a substantial debate before US Congress for the FY07 Defense budget, but also internationally. ^[3] Russian President Vladimir Putin, among others, warned that the project would increase the danger of accidental nuclear war. "The launch of such a missile could ... provoke a full-scale counterattack using strategic nuclear forces," Putin said in May 2006.^[4]

Legality

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On 8 July 1996 the International Court of Justice, the highest court of the United Nations, issued an Advisory Opinion concerned with the "Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons".^[5] The Advisory Opinion states that the threat or use of any existing nuclear weapon is unlawful as it would be in violation of the following articles of international law:

The Declaration of St. Petersburg, 1868, because the missiles would cause unnecessary suffering;
The Martens Clause, 1899, because the use of the missiles would cause humanity to not remain under the protection of international law;
The Hague Conventions, 1907, because the missiles would cause unnecessary suffering and the inviolability of neutral nations could not be guaranteed;
The UN Charter, 1945, because the use of nuclear weapons would not be proportionate;
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, because long-lasting effects of radioactive contamination would interfere with the right to life and health;
The Geneva Conventions, 1949, because the wounded, sick, infirm, expectant mothers, civilian hospitals and medical staff could not be guaranteed protection;
The First and Second Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 (directly brought into United Kingdom Law through the 1995 Geneva Conventions (Amendments) Act), because the missiles would cause massive incidental losses of civilian lives and severe environmental damage.