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9-1-1 is a common emergency telephone number, used in countries such as Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Jordan, Liberia, Paraguay, Uruguay and the United States

In many countries the public telephone network has a single emergency telephone number (sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or occasionally the emergency services number) that allows a caller to contact local emergency services for assistance. The emergency number differs from country to country; it is typically a three-digit number so that it can be easily remembered and dialed quickly. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services; these often differ only by the last digit. In the European Union, Russia, Ukraine and Switzerland and others "112" was introduced as a common emergency call number during the 1990s, and as the GSM standard it is now a well known emergency number across the globe[1] alongside the North American "911".

Configuration and operation

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The emergency telephone number is a special case in the country's telephone number plan. In the past, calls to the emergency telephone number were often routed over special dedicated circuits. Though with the advent of electronic exchanges these calls are now often mixed with ordinary telephone traffic, they still may be able to access circuits that other traffic cannot. Often the system is set up so that once a call is made to an emergency telephone number, it must be answered. Should the caller abandon the call, the line may still be held until the emergency service answers and releases the call.

An emergency telephone number call may be answered by either a telephone operator or an emergency service dispatcher. The nature of the emergency (police, fire, medical) is then determined. If the call has been answered by a telephone operator, they then connect the call to the appropriate emergency service, who then dispatches the appropriate help. In the case of multiple services being needed on a call, the most urgent need must be determined, with other services being called in as needed.

Emergency dispatchers are trained to control the call in order to provide help in an appropriate manner; they can be assisted by computer aided call handling systems (CACH). The emergency dispatcher may find it necessary to give urgent advice in life-threatening situations. Some dispatchers have special training in telling people how to perform first aid or CPR.

In many parts of the world, an emergency service can identify the telephone number that a call has been placed from. This is normally done using the system that the telephone company uses to bill calls, making the number visible even for users who have unlisted numbers or who block caller ID. For an individual fixed landline telephone, the caller's number can often be associated with the caller's address and therefore their location. However, with mobile phones and business telephones, the address may be a mailing address rather than the caller's location. The latest "enhanced" systems, such as Enhanced 911, are able to provide the physical location of mobile telephones. This is often specifically mandated in a country's legislation.

History of emergency services numbers

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Operator assistance

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When an emergency happened in the pre-dial (or "manual") telephone era, the user simply picked up the telephone receiver and waited for the operator to answer "number, please?" The user responded with "get me the police," "get me the fire service," or "I need an ambulance/doctor." Even in large cities, it was seldom necessary to ask for these services by number.

In small towns, operators frequently provided additional service, knowing where to reach doctors, veterinarians, and law enforcement personnel at all times. Frequently, the operator was also responsible for activating the town's fire alarm.

When manual switching systems began to be replaced by automatic, or "dial" systems, there was frequently concern among users that the very personalized emergency service provided by manual operators would be lost.

Because numbers were different for every exchange, callers either had to dial the operator or look up the telephone number. An example of this was Auckland, New Zealand before the introduction of 111 in the 1960s – the city had 40 exchanges, all with different emergency numbers, and finding the telephone number for the local exchange would require having to search through the city's 500-page telephone directory.[2]

This problem was at least partially solved in the United States, Canada, and the UK by dialling "0" for the local assistance operator in case of emergency, although faster service could be obtained if the user dialled the full number for the Police or Fire Department. This system remained essentially unchanged throughout most of North America until the 1970s.

Direct-dial numbers

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The first emergency number system to be deployed anywhere in the World was in London on 1 July 1937 [3][4] using the number 999, and this was quickly extended to cover the entire country.[3] When 999 was dialled, a buzzer sounded and a red light flashed in the exchange to attract an operator's attention.[4]

Because of loop disconnect dialing, attention was devoted to making the numbers difficult to dial accidentally by making them involve long sequences of pulses, such as with the UK 999 emergency number.[4] However in modern times, where repeated sequences of numbers are easily accidentally dialled on mobile phones, this is problematic, as mobile phones will dial an emergency number while the keypad is locked or even without a SIM card.[5][6] Some people have reported accidentally dialling 112 by loop-disconnect for various technical reasons, including while working on extension telephone wiring, and point to this as a disadvantage of the 112 emergency number, which takes only four loop disconnects to activate.[7]

Southern California Telephone Co. began using 116 as an emergency line for Los Angeles, California in 1946.[8] The emergency number 999 was adopted in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 1959 at the urging of Stephen Juba, mayor of Winnipeg at the time.[9] The city changed the number to 911 in 1972, in order to be consistent with the newly adopted U.S. emergency number.

The first 911 emergency phone systems went into use in Alabama and Alaska in 1968.[10] The first 911 call was made in Sacramento, California on February 10, 1968.[11] The second system, in Nome, Alaska was put into service later that same month.[12] However, 911 systems were not in widespread use until the 1980s when the number 911 was adopted as the standard number across most of the country under the North American Numbering Plan.[citation needed]

The implementation of 911 service in the USA was a gradual and haphazard process. Because telephone service boundaries did not always exactly match governmental and other jurisdictional boundaries, a user might dial 911, only to discover that he had been connected to the wrong dispatch center because he had telephone service from one location but lived within the boundaries of another jurisdiction.[citation needed]

Electromechanical switching equipment still in use made it difficult to adapt to recognize 911, especially in small towns and rural areas where the call might have to be switched over a considerable distance.[13]For this reason, there are still county sheriff departments that have toll-free "800" area code numbers.[citation needed]

Gradually, various problems were overcome; "smart" or "enhanced" 911 systems were developed that not only would display the caller's number and address at the dispatch center but also could be configured so that 911 calls were automatically routed to the correct dispatch center, regardless of what central office the caller was served from. In the United States, most cities have E911 systems either in use, or in their emergency systems design plans.

The rapid replacement of electromechanical switching systems in the 1980s with electronic or digital systems eliminated the problem of older switches that would not recognize 911. At this point, 911 service is available in most of North America, but there is still the occasional small, remote town that does not have it.[14]

In France, many telephone exchanges were closed at night but it was still possible to make emergency calls. An operator had to connect the emergency calls only. In 1913, an automatic system was set up. It made provision for calling the police by dialling 17 and the fire brigade by dialling 18. As more manual telephone exchanges were converted to dial operation, more and more subscribers had access to these special numbers.[15] The service was not widespread until the 1970s.

The CEPT recommended the use of 112 in 1972. The European Union subsequently adopted the 112 number as a standard on 29 July 1991. It is now a valid emergency number throughout EU countries and in many other CEPT countries. It works in parallel with other local emergency numbers in about 2/3 of EU states.

In January 2008, the Internet Engineering Task Force released a set of RFC documents pertaining to emergency calls in IP networks.[16]

Emergency numbers and mobile telephones

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Mobile phones can be used in countries with different emergency numbers. A traveller visiting a foreign country does not have to know the local emergency numbers, however. The mobile phone and the SIM card have a preprogrammed list of emergency numbers. When the user tries to set up a call using an emergency number known by a GSM or 3G phone, the special emergency call setup takes place. The actual number is not even transmitted into the network, but the network redirects the emergency call to the local emergency desk. Most GSM mobile phones can dial emergency calls even when the phone keyboard is locked, the phone is without a SIM card, or an emergency number is entered instead of the PIN.

Most GSM mobile phones have 112, 999 and 911 as pre-programmed emergency numbers that are always available.[17] The SIM card issued by the operator can contain additional country-specific emergency numbers that can be used even when roaming abroad. The GSM network can also update the list of well-known emergency numbers when the phone registers to it.

Using an emergency number recognized by a GSM phone like 112 instead of another emergency number may be advantageous, since GSM phones and networks give special priority to emergency calls. A phone dialing an emergency service number not recognized by it may refuse to roam onto another network, leading to trouble if there is no access to the home network. Dialing a known emergency number like 112 forces the phone to try the call with any available network.

On some networks a GSM phone without a SIM card may be used to make emergency calls and most GSM phones accept a larger list of emergency numbers without SIM card, such as 112, 911, 118, 119, 000, 110, 08, and 999. However, some GSM networks will not accept emergency calls from phones without a SIM card, or even require a SIM card that has credit. For example, Latin American networks typically do not allow emergency calls without a SIM. Also, GSM phones sold in some countries like Singapore do not accept 112 as an emergency number even if they have a SIM card inserted.

The GSM phones may regard some phone numbers with one or two digits as special service codes. It might be impossible to make an emergency call to numbers like 03 with a GSM phone.

In the United States, the FCC requires networks to route every mobile-phone and payphone[verification needed] 911 call to an emergency service call center, including phones that have never had service, or whose service has lapsed.[18][19] As a result, there are programs that provide donated used mobile phones to victims of domestic violence and others especially likely to need emergency services.

Mobile phones generate additional problems for emergency operators, as many phones will allow emergency numbers to be dialed even while the keypad is locked. Since mobile phones are typically carried in pockets and small bags, the keys can easily be depressed accidentally, leading to unintended calls. A system has been developed in the UK to connect calls where the caller is sent to an automated system, leaving more operators free to handle genuine emergency calls.[20]

Emergency numbers

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Africa

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Country Police Medical Fire Notes
 Algeria 17 14 14 National Gendarmerie : 1055; Counter Terrorist Unit : 1548; support for children : 3033.
 Chad 17 18
 Djibouti 17 18
 Egypt 122 123 180 Tourist Police – 126; Traffic Police – 128; Electricity Emergency – 121; Natural Gas Supply Emergency – 129.
 Ghana 191 193 192 999 for any of the 3 services.
 Mali 17 15 18
 Mauritius 999 114 115
 Morocco City 19
Royal Gendarmerie177 		15 15
 Nigeria 199 199 for any of the 3 services.
 South Africa 10111 10177 10111 112 from mobile phones (soon also from fixed line phones).
 Tunisia 197 190 198 National guard – 193.
 Rwanda 112
 Uganda 999
 Sudan 999 Traffic Police 777777
 Sierra Leone 019 999
 Zambia 999 991 993 112 from mobile phones (see www.zambiatourism.com/travel/listings/emergency.htm).
 Zimbabwe 995 994 993 999 for any of the 3 services. 112 from mobile phones

Asia

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Country Police Medical Fire Notes
 Afghanistan 119 102 119 Rewards for Justice: 010-8600-070
 Bangladesh 999 For the cities of Dhaka and Chittagong only
 Bahrain 999
 Cambodia 117
 East Timor 112
 China 110 120 119 Traffic accident: 122.
Private ambulance service in Beijing: 999.
Dialling 112 on GSM mobile phones in China only plays a pre-recorded bilingual message about other emergency numbers.
 Myanmar 191
 Hong Kong 999 992 as fax on fixed line and as SMS number on mobile phones (only for subscribers with disabilities) connects to all emergency services.
Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 India 100 102, 1298, 108, 112 101 Chennai Traffic Police: 103.
Delhi Traffic Police: 1095.
Kolkata Traffic Police: 1073.
Bangalore uses both 108 and 100.
108 is used in many states.
 Indonesia 110 118, 119 113 Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Search and rescue team: 115.
Natural disaster: 129.
Electricity: 123.
 Iran 110 115 125 110 connects to all emergency services.
Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 Israel 100 101 102 Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Israel Electric Corporation: 103.
Municipal hazards that are not emergencies: 106 (works in any municipality).
 Japan 110 119 Emergency at sea: 118.
 Jordan 911, 112
 Kazakhstan 102 103 101 Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Gas leaks: 104.
 North Korea 819[21] Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Operators mostly speak only Korean, some may speak English, Russian or Chinese.
 South Korea 112 119 National security hotline: 111.
Reporting spies: 113.
Missing person hotline: 182.
114 connects to the phone service provider.
 Kuwait 112 Used to be 777.
 Lebanon 112, 999 140 175
 Macau 999
 Maldives 102 Police service: 119 (can also be dialled from mobile phones).
Civil defence: 118.
 Malaysia 999 (changing shortly to 191) Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 Mongolia 102 103 101 100 connects to all emergency services.
   Nepal 100, 103 102 101 Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 Oman 999
 Pakistan 15 115, 1122 16 15 and 1122 connect to all emergency services.
Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Traffic police: 1915.
 Philippines 117 117 may also be texted from mobile phones.
Standard GSM emergency number 112 as well as North American emergency number 911 are supported in mobile networks.
Motorist assistance: 136 (Metro Manila only).
Child abuse hotline (Bantay Bata): 163.
 Qatar 999
 Saudi Arabia 999 997 998 Traffic police: 993.
Emergency rescue: 911, 112 or 08.
 Singapore 999 995 Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported for foreign mobile phones that use incoming roaming service in Singapore.
 Sri Lanka 119, 118 110 111 Accident service: 11-2691111.
 Syria 112 110 113
 Taiwan 110 119 Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 Tajikistan 102 103 101 Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Gas leaks: 104.
 Thailand 191 1669 199 999 connects to all emergency services.
Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 United Arab Emirates 999, 112 998, 999 997
 Vietnam 113 115 114

Europe

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The most common European emergency number 112 (following Directive 2002/22/EC – Universal Service Directive) and also standard on GSM mobile phones. 112 is used in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom in addition to their other emergency numbers.[22][23][24][25]

Country Police Medical Fire Notes
 Albania 129 127 128 Road police – 126
 Armenia 102 103 101 Search and rescue – 108; Gas leaks – 104; Traffic police – 177
 Austria 112 Police – 133; Ambulance – 144; Fire – 122; Gas leaks – 128; Alpine rescue – 140; On-duty medical unit – 141; crisis-hotline – 142; support for children and teens – 147.
 Azerbaijan 102 103 101 Road police – 126
 Belarus 102 103 101 Gas leaks – 104; also 112 is redirected to 101 on velcom GSM-operator mobile phones.
 Belgium 112 Police – 101; Ambulance / Firebrigade – 100; Missing children – 110; Mental problems/suicide – 106.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 122 124 123 From mobile phones, dial the international emergency numbers 112, 911 and 08 for information about the local emergency numbers that are to be dialed (122, 123 and 124).
 Bulgaria 112 Police – 166, Ambulance – 150; Fire – 160.
 Croatia 112 Police – 192; Ambulance – 94; Fire – 193; Search and rescue at sea – 9155; Road help – 1987.
 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 112 Police - 115; Fire - 199; Ambulance - 112.
 Cyprus 112 Alternative numbers: 199
 Czech Republic 112 Police – 158; Ambulance – 155; Fire – 150; Municipal police – 156.
 Denmark 112 Nearest Police (non-urgent) – 114. The old emergency number was 000.
 Estonia 112 Police – 110.
 Faroe Islands 112
 Finland 112 The old emergency number was 000.
 France 112 Police – 17; Hospital-based Ambulance (SAMU) – 15; Fire Service-based Ambulance – 18; Fire – 18. 112 calls are answered by 15 or 18 dispatchers, depending on the caller's location. 115 for homeless.
 Georgia 112 In effect from November 11, 2012. Till then both this number and old standard numbers (111 Fire dpt./Emergency, 122 Police, 113 Ambulance) will be active.
 Germany 112 Additional number for police - 110
 Gibraltar 112 or 199 Fire and Ambulance – 190
 Greece 112 Police – 100; Ambulance – 166; Fire – 199; Forest fire – 1591; Coast guard emergency intervention – 108; Counter-narcotics immediate intervention – 109; Tourist police – 171; Emergency social aid – 197.
 Hungary 112 Police – 107; Ambulance – 104; Fire – 105.
 Iceland 112 Police in Reykjavík Capital Area Non-urgent – 4441000
 Ireland 999 or 112 The emergency telephone number to dial in Ireland for Fire, Gardaí (Irish Police), Ambulance, Irish Marine Emergency Service and The Mountain and Cave Rescue is 999 or 112. These numbers are to be used only in an emergency.
 Italy 112 Ambulance – 118; Fire – 115; (State Police) – 113; (Carabinieri) – 112; (Forest Service) – 1515; Guardia di Finanza (Customs/Financial Police) – 117; Coast guard – 1530. Also 911 is redirected to 112.
 Latvia 112 Police – 02; Ambulance – 03, 113 ; Fire – 01; Gas leaks – 04.
 Lithuania 112 Police – 02 (TEO LT, AB)/ 102 (Omnitel)/ 022 (Bitė/Tele2); Ambulance – 03 (TEO LT, AB)/ 103 (Omnitel)/ 033 (Bitė/Tele2); Fire – 01 (TEO LT, AB)/ 101 (Omnitel)/ 011 (Bitė/Tele2). The non-112 numbers are for separate emergency services differ in distinct telecommunications networks, whereas 112 is available on all networks. The old numbers will be cancelled in the future.[26]
 Luxembourg 112 Police – 113.
 Republic of Macedonia 112 Police – 192; Ambulance – 194; Fire – 193.
 Malta 112 Previously: Police 191; Ambulance 196; Fire 199.
 Moldova 902 903 901 112 is being implemented by 2010.
 Monaco 112 Police – 17, Ambulance, severe – 15; Ambulance, less severe – 18, Fire – 18. 112 calls are answered by 15 or 18 dispatchers, depending on the caller's location. 115 for homeless.
 Montenegro 112 Police – 122; Ambulance – 124; Fire – 123.
 Netherlands 112 Police (non-urgent) – 0900-8844. Also 911 is redirected to 112 on GSM mobile phones.
 Norway 112 113 110 Police (non-urgent) – 02800; Child-Abuse and Family Violence - 116 111; TDD (textphone) - 1412
 Poland 112 Police – 997; Ambulance – 999; Fire – 998; Municipal police – 986; natural gas/LPG emergencies – 992.
 Portugal 112 Forest fire 117
 Romania 112 Former short numbers: (Police) – 955; Ambulance – 961; (Firefighters) – 981; (Gendarmerie) – 956; Civil Protection – 982; Family Violence – 983
 Russia 112 Police – 02; Ambulance – 03; Fire, Search and rescue – 01; Gas leaks – 04. The new number 112 began operating in 2011
 San Marino 113 118 115
 Serbia 112 Police – 192; Ambulance – 194; Fire – 193
 Slovakia 112 Police – 158; Ambulance – 155; Fire – 150
 Slovenia 112 Police – 113
 Spain 112 National – 091; Local Police – 092; Ambulance – 061; Fire – 080,085; Civil Guard – 062; Mossos d'Esquadra (Catalan police) 088
 Sweden 112 Non-urgent police – 11414. Non-urgen medical - 1177. The old emergency number was 90 000.
  Switzerland 112 Police – 117; Ambulance – 144; Fire – 118; Poison – 145; Road emergency – 140; Psychological support (free and anonymous) – 143; Psychological support for teens and children (free and anonymous) – 147; Helicopter air-rescue (Rega) – 1414 or by radio on 161.300 MHz; Air rescue (Air Glaciers) (in Valais only) – 1415.[27]
 Turkey 155 112 110 to be unified at 112 as only emergency number by 2015; Gendarmerie – 156; Coast Guard – 158; Forest Fire – 177
 Ukraine 112 Police – 102; Ambulance – 103; Fire – 101; Gas leaks – 104.
 United Kingdom 999 or 112 In 2006 101 was made available as a non-emergency number for police (and in some areas local authorities) in England and Wales. 111 was made available (in England and Wales) as a non-emergency number for health issues. 999 and 112 can be used from any phone. When dialing 999 or 112, the caller is connected with a telecoms operator such as BT, Cable & Wireless, Railnet, or Kingston Communications, and the operator will ask which service is required. Operators have access to interpretation services covering 170 languages. Deaf people can text 18000 for the emergency services (after registration). 999 was first introduced on 30 June 1937 in London.
 Vatican City 113 118 115 112 is redirected to 113 on GSM mobile phones

Australia and Oceania

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Country Police Medical Fire Notes
 Australia 000 or 112
 From a mobile phone – 112 or 000. No other emergency numbers, such as 999 or 911, are redirected.

State Emergency Service (ACT, VIC, NSW, QLD, SA, WA) – 132 500;
From a Textphone/TTY call the National Relay Service on 106;
Non Emergency – Police Assistance Line – 131 444;
(NSW, QLD, SA, WA, NT, TAS, ACT);
Crime Stoppers – 1800 333 000;
Threats to national security – 1800 123 400;

 Fiji 911 9170
 New Zealand 111 *555 traffic (from mobile phones only)
911 and 112 both redirect to the 111 service if dialed from a GSM mobile.[28]
0800 161616 Deaf TTY
0800 161610 deaf fax
111 deaf SMS (registered mobile phones only)
 Solomon Islands 999 There are also local numbers for each service in each urban centre. These local numbers may be quicker than dialling 999.[29]
 Vanuatu 112

North America

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Country Police Medical Fire Notes
 Canada 911 Non-emergency 311 in certain areas. Some rural areas still lack 911 service. 112 is redirected to 911 on GSM mobile phones. *677 connects to the Provincial Police within the province of Ontario and *4141 links to the Sûreté du Québec in the province of Quebec.
 Greenland 112 112 works from only mobile phones; fixed line phones must call the local police or hospital.
 Mexico 066 065 068 "066" can be used as a general emergency number, In densely populated areas, 911 is redirected to the proper number.
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 17 15 18 Same as France
 United States of America 911 Various services available through regional or national N11 codes (e.g.: 311 non-emergency police or city services) in certain areas. Also 112 is redirected to 911 for GSM mobile phones.[30]

Central America and the Caribbean

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Country Police Medical Fire Notes
 Guatemala 110 or 120 122 or 123 or 1554 Notes: The number 911 exists only for private services like medical insurance.
 El Salvador 911
 Costa Rica 911 or 112
 Panama 911 or 112
 Barbados 211 511 311 References: Police, Ambulance, Fire
 Cayman Islands 911
 Dominican Republic 911 or 112 From a mobile phone – 112 or 911. Also, 112 is redirected to 911 for GSM mobile phones[12].
 Jamaica 119 110
 Trinidad and Tobago 999 990
 Nicaragua 118
 Honduras 199
 Haiti 118

South America

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Country Police Medical Fire Notes
 Argentina 101 107 100 Emergency dispatcher for Buenos Aires (city), Santa Fe (city), Rosario (city), Salta and Buenos Aires (provinces) 911.
 Bolivia 110 118 119 The 911 number forwards to 110
 Brazil 190 192 193 Federal highway police 191; federal police 194; civil police 197; state highway police 198; civil defense 199; human rights 100; emergency number for Mercosul area 128; 112 will be redirected to 190 when dialed from mobile phones and 911 will also be redirected to the police number (190) See also: Brazilian telephone numbering plan#Public utility.
 Chile 133 131 132
 Colombia 112 or 123 (landlines and mobile phones) Traffic accidents 127, GAULA (anti-kidnapping) 165. More specialized three-digit numbers are available; check the local Yellow Pages for more information.
156 132 119
 Ecuador 911 (landlines and mobile phones) All types of emergencies in Guayaquil (112 landlines, *112 mobile phones), traffic accidents in Guayaquil 103, red cross 131.
101 911 102
French Guyana 17 15 18
 Guyana 911 913 912
 Paraguay 911
 Peru 105 117 116 Civil defense (disasters) 115 – Domestic violence helpline 100
 Suriname 115
 Uruguay 911
 Venezuela 171

See also

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References

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  1. ^ call services
  2. ^ "50 years of 111 – Planning 111". New Zealand Fire Service/New Zealand Police/St John Ambulance/Wellington Free Ambulance. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  3. ^ a b BBC London; Why 999 for an emergency?
  4. ^ a b c British Telecom Archives U.K. Telephone History
  5. ^ Patent for SIM Free Emergency Calls
  6. ^ Method for emergency service access using a mobile phone
  7. ^ EENA. EENA Operations Document: False Emergency Calls, European Emergency Number Association, 15-03-2011.
  8. ^ Staff report (Aug 19, 1946). Just Dial 116 for emergency telephone calls. Los Angeles Times
  9. ^ [Mobile Reference (2007) Chapter:History of emergency services numbers]
  10. ^ [David (2000) p.118]
  11. ^ of 911
  12. ^ of 911
  13. ^ Villager p.13
  14. ^ Motorcyclist Association p.58
  15. ^ Communication Commision
  16. ^ "RFCs prepare for Internet emergency calls". blog.anta.net. 8 January 2008. ISSN 1797-1993. Retrieved 8 January 2008.
  17. ^ "Guidelines to select Emergency Number for public telecommunications networks" (PDF). International Telecommunications Union. 15 May 2008. p. 4. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  18. ^ "Wireless 911 Services". Federal Communications Commission. 8 October 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  19. ^ "Calls Made From Payphones". Federal Communications Commission. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  20. ^ "Technology tackles bogus 999 calls". BBC News. 23 May 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  21. ^ See here
  22. ^ European Radiocommunications Office
  23. ^ European Union
  24. ^ SOS 112 Europe
  25. ^ Latest status on E-112 initiative: http://www.esafetysupport.org/en/esafety_activities/28_recommendations/)
  26. ^ http://www.sos112.lt/index/lt/senieji_numeriai
  27. ^ Swisscom: Emergency numbers
  28. ^ http://www.police.govt.nz/service/111/faq.html#countries
  29. ^ White Pages 2008, Solomon Islands Telephone Directory, p1
  30. ^ http://www.nanpa.com/number_resource_info/n11_codes.html
  • Mobile Reference (2007) "Chapter:History of emergency services numbers"
  • David M. Cutler (2000) "The Changing Hospital Industry: Comparing Not-for-Profit and For-Profit" p.118
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