User:Jackwolfroven
Nature timeline
[edit]−13 — – −12 — – −11 — – −10 — – −9 — – −8 — – −7 — – −6 — – −5 — – −4 — – −3 — – −2 — – −1 — – 0 — |
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Other
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| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | [m] m |
[n] n |
[ɲ] н |
[ŋ], [ŋʲ] ң, ӈ |
||
| Plosive | tenuis | [p] | [t~ɾ] d |
[t͡ʃ] | [k] | |
| aspirated | [pʰ] p |
[tʰ] t |
[tʃʰ] s |
[kʰ] k |
||
| Fricative | [f], [v] f, v |
[s] | [ʃ] x |
[x], [ʁ] | [h], [ʍ] h | |
| Approximant | [l] l |
[j] y |
[w] w |
|||
| first declension | second declension | third d. | fourth d. | fifth d. | adjectives | |||||||
| masculine | feminine | m | m | f | I-m | I-f | ||||||
| -o- | -ā- | -Ø- | -i- | -u- | -i- | -ǎ- | -o- | |||||
| sg. | ||||||||||||
| Nom. | -s | -is | -ō | -s | -us | -ius | -uo | -as | -a | |||
| Gen. | -eis | -ieis | -ās | -eis | -aus | -iaus | -en-s | -er-s | -o | -os | ||
| Dat. | -oi | -ioi | -ai | -ei | -ui | -iui | -en-iui | -er-iai | -am | -ai | ||
| Acc. | -om | -im | -am | -om | -im | -ų | -ių | -en-į | -er-į | -ą | -ą | |
| Abl. | -ōd | -iōd | -ād | -ōd | -īd | -umi | -iumi | -en-iu | -er-imi | -u | -a | |
| Loc. | -ei | -uje | -iuje | -en-yje | -er-yje | -ame | -oje | |||||
| pl. | ||||||||||||
| Nom. | -ōs | -iōs | -ās | -s | -īs | -ūs | -iai | -en-ys | -er-ys | -i | -os | |
| Gen. | -om | -iom | -āsom | -om | -ų | -ių | -en-ų | -er-ų | -ų | -ų | ||
| Dat. | -ois | -iois | -ais | -īs | -ifs | -ums | -iams | -en-ims | -er-ims | -iems | -oms | |
| Acc. | -oss | -ioss | -ass | -s | -us | -ius | -en-is | -er-is | -us | -as | ||
| Abl. | -ois | -iois | -ais | -īs | -ifs | -umis | -iais | -en-imis | -er-imis | -ais | -omis | |
| Loc. | -uose | -iuose | -en-yse | -er-yse | -uose | -ose | ||||||
| first declension | second declension | third d. | fourth d. | fifth d. | |||||||||||||||||
| masculine | feminine | f | m | m | m | f | |||||||||||||||
| I-m | -ǎ- | -i- | I-f | -o- | -ė- | -i- | -u- | -i- | |||||||||||||
| sg. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nom. | -as | -as | -is | -ys | -ias | -a | -a | -ia | -ė | -is | -us | -ius | -uo | ||||||||
| Gen. | -o | -o | -io | -os | -os | -ios | -ės | -ies | -aus | -iaus | -en-s | -er-s | |||||||||
| Dat. | -am | -ui | -iui | -ai | -ai | -iai | -ei | -iai | -iui | -ui | -iui | -en-iui | -er-iai | ||||||||
| Acc. | -ą | -ą | -į | -ią | -ą | -ą | -ią | -ę | -į | -ų | -ių | -en-į | -er-į | ||||||||
| Ins. | -u | -u | -iu | -a | -a | -ia | -e | -imi | -umi | -iumi | -en-iu | -er-imi | |||||||||
| Loc. | -ame | -e | -yje | -oje | -oje | -ioje | -ėje | -yje | -uje | -iuje | -en-yje | -er-yje | |||||||||
| Voc. | -as | -e¹ | -i | -y | -y² | -a | -a | -ia | -e | -i.e. | -au | -iau | -en-i.e. | -er-ie | |||||||
| pl. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nom. | -i | -ai | -iai | -os | -os | -ios | -ės | -ys | -ūs | -iai | -en-ys | -er-ys | |||||||||
| Gen. | -ų | -ų | -ių | -ų | -ų | -ių | -ių | -ių³ | -ų | -ių | -en-ų | -er-ų | |||||||||
| Dat. | -iems | -ams | -iams | -oms | -oms | -ioms | -ėms | -ims | -ums | -iams | -en-ims | -er-ims | |||||||||
| Acc. | -us | -us | -ius | -as | -as | -ias | -es | -is | -us | -ius | -en-is | -er-is | |||||||||
| Ins. | -ais | -ais | -iais | -omis | -omis | -iomis | -ėmis | -imis | -umis | -iais | -en-imis | -er-imis | |||||||||
| Loc. | -uose | -uose | -iuose | -ose | -ose | -iose | -ėse | -yse | -uose | -iuose | -en-yse | -er-yse | |||||||||
| Voc. | -i | -ai | -iai | -os | -os | -ios | -ės | -ys | -ūs | -iai | -en-ys | -er-ys | |||||||||
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- ^ Yarshater, Ehsan (1993). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9.
Of the four residences of the Achaemenids named by Herodotus — Ecbatana, Pasargadae or Persepolis, Susa and Babylon — the last [situated in Iraq] was maintained as their most important capital, the fixed winter quarters, the central office of bureaucracy, exchanged only in the heat of summer for some cool spot in the highlands. Under the Seleucids and the Parthians the site of the Mesopotamian capital moved a little to the north on the Tigris — to Seleucia and Ctesiphon. It is indeed symbolic that these new foundations were built from the bricks of ancient Babylon, just as later Baghdad, a little further upstream, was built out of the ruins of the Sassanian double city of Seleucia-Ctesiphon.
- ^ Harald Kittel; Juliane House; Brigitte Schultze; Juliane House; Brigitte Schultze (2007). Traduction: encyclopédie internationale de la recherche sur la traduction. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1194–5. ISBN 978-3-11-017145-7.
- ^ Greek and Iranian, E. Tucker, A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, ed. Anastasios-Phoivos Christidēs, Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 780.
- ^ Boiy, T. (2004). Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon. Peeters Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 978-90-429-1449-0.
- ^ Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (2009). The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-975834-0.