User:JPRiley/Chamberlin
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William Everett Chamberlin | |
---|---|
Born | June 23, 1856 |
Died | August 6, 1911 |
Nationality | United States |
Occupation | Architect |
Buildings | Cambridge Hospital; Portland Library; Cambridge English High School; University Hospital, University of Michigan |
William E. Chamberlin (1856-1911) was an American architect practicing in Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts. His brief practice was mostly confined to residential architecture, but the major civic commission he undertook, the Cambridge English High School (built 1889-1892) proved to be highly influential in the design of schools.
Life and career
[edit]William Everett Chamberlin was born June 23, 1856 in Burlington, Massachusetts to Daniel U. and Ann Maria (Stimson) Chamberlin. He was educated in the Cambridge public schools and the Chauncy Hall School in Boston. He then attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduating in 1877. During his degree he was associated with Sturgis & Brigham in Boston, but upon graduation went to New York, and was employed as a draftsman by the firm of McKim, Mead & Bigelow.[1] Looking to further their education, in May, 1879 he and another employee of the firm, Edmund R. Willson, travelled to Paris and were admitted to the Ecole des Beaux Arts,[2] both entering the atelier of Joseph Auguste Émile Vaudremer.[3]
In 1884, Chamberlin established an architectural practice in Boston. In 1885 he was joined in partnership by William M. Whidden. In 1887 Chamberlin & Whidden won a competition to design the new Portland Library in Portland, Oregon, where Whidden had worked for McKim, Mead & White. When this project moved forward in 1889, Whidden moved to Portland to supervise construction. At this time William D. Austin was admitted to the partnership, and the firm was briefly known as Chamberlin, Whidden & Austin. In 1889 the partnership with Whidden was dissolved, and Whidden formed a new partnership, Whidden & Lewis, with Ion Lewis. Chamberlin and Austin continued their partnership until Chamberlin's retirement in 1892. Austin formed a new partnership with Frederick W. Stickney, Stickney & Austin, with offices in Lowell and Boston.[4]
Chamberlin had retired from full-time practice, but continued to work on a small scale from his home in Cambridge. He was the designer of a number of substantial projects into the first decade of the twentieth century, but execution of the work was usually entrusted to an associated architect. By the time of his death, August 6, 1911, he had been completely retired for several years.[1]
Personal life
[edit]For much of his career, Chamberlin was hampered by his disablility. He began to have difficulties with his spine during the early 1880s, when he was in Paris. For the last twenty years of his life he was unable to walk and was in a wheelchair full-time.[1] It was this difficulty that led him to retire from active practice in 1892.
Chamberlin married Emily D. Abbot in 1891.[1]
Legacy
[edit]Chamberlin's design for the Cambridge English High School proved to be very influential, and spawned many buildings of similar design. Chamberlin & Austin had produced a symmetrically-massed building, with a high central pavilion connected by hyphens to lower matching pavilions, all in the style of the Italian Renaissance. The design was praised by school administrators and architects alike, including the Boston architect Julius A. Schweinfurth, who found it timeless:
"There will be heard little, if any, difference of opinion among people whose opinion is of concerning the charming building. It is difficult to imagine a school more dignified, simple, and yet showing to the world that here is real architecture, simply obtained, without the hideous gymnastic efforts so apparent on most all architecture of the day. Its exterior shows what the interior is—the various rooms and the large assembly hall in the upper story and in the rear; its plan awaits the additional rooms which it shall require for future growth. This is a typical school building of the better class, and should be kept for reference and comparison by those who have to decide upon such matters at the request of their fellow citizens or townsmen. What makes it beautiful? Its form, fine proportion of masses, its fenestration so skilfully [sic] grouped, its splendidly proportioned wall surfaces and roofs, its color, the careful restraint in all its detail. It is founded on simple, classic models, on a standard type devoid of all passing idiosyncrasies or fads. Hence it will not go out of fashion but be as interesting fifty years from now."[5]
— Julius A. Schweinfurth, 1896.
The Boston architect Edmund M. Wheelwright, an acknowledged expert in the field of school architecture, found that its plan and elevation were worthy of close study by school architects:
"The architect to whom the designing of a schoolhouse is entrusted should accept the limitations imposed by the practical conditions of the problem. He should not seek to be "original" or to gain the semblance of a structure, however beautiful in its own time and for its own needs, which does not meet the requirements of an American schoolhouse. He may well be content to express in fitting architectural form the already well-developed schoolhouse plan. He will find profit by the study of the Cambridge High School. This building was, in my opinion, the first American schoolhouse which was designed in a truly artistic spirit; for here is found, with proper accentuation, good proportion, and refined detail, no sacrifice of the practical requirements which fitted the structure to its purpose."[6]
— Edmund M. Wheelwright, 1898.
One of the first was the Lowell High School (Frederick W. Stickney, 1890), by Austin's later partner.[7] In his role as City Architect of Boston from 1891 to 1895, Wheelwright had a major role in the popularization of the plan of the Cambridge English High School. He utilized it the design of many smaller and larger schools in Boston, most notably in the Louis Agassiz School (1892), Brighton High School (1894) and the Gilbert Stuart School (1895).[8] Many schools in New England and elsewhere were built along these lines, some closer copies than others. One, York High School (B. F. Willis, 1897) in York, Pennsylvania, was a near-identical copy.[9] A more distant example was the Kansas City Manual Training High School (Hackney & Smith, 1896) in Kansas City, Missouri.[10] In the first two decades of the twentieth century buildings along these lines continued to be built, though they no longer remained committed to Chamberlin's Second Renaissance Revival detailing, instead utilizing Beaux Arts or Colonial motifs. These include the Leominster High School (Frost, Briggs & Chamberlain, 1904)[11] in Massachusetts and the Woonsocket High School (Walter F. Fontaine, 1913) in Rhode Island,[12] one of the latest examples.
At his death, the Boston Society of Architects endowed an annual prize named in honor of Chamberlin, given as an award in an annual competition among fifth-year architecture students in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was first awarded in 1913.[13]
Henry Mather Greene, later of Greene & Greene, briefly worked for Chamberlin & Austin in 1891-92.[14]
Architectural works
[edit]Year | Building | Address | City | State | Notes | Image | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1884 | Parsons Building, Mount Auburn Hospital |
330 Mount Auburn St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | [15][16] | ||
1885 | House for Maria Murdock | 64 Church St | Winchester | Massachusetts | [17] | ||
1886 | Commercial building for Charles Torrey | 107 South St | Boston | Massachusetts | Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as part of the Leather District. | [18] | |
1886 | Double house for John G. Low | 34 Eleanor St and 808 Broadway | Chelsea | Massachusetts | [19] | ||
1886 | House for Francis H. Bigelow | 4 Channing St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | [20] | ||
1886 | House for Robert N. Toppan | 54 Highland St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | [20] | ||
1886 | House for John W. White | 18 Concord Ave | Cambridge | Massachusetts | Demolished. | [20] | |
1887 | House for A. McFarland Davis | 10 Appleton St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | [20] | ||
1887 | House for William B. Hovey | 29 Lancaster St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as part of the Avon Hill Historic District. | [20] | |
1887 | House for Harold Whitney | 9 Waterhouse St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as part of the Cambridge Common Historic District. | [20] | |
1887 | Portland Library | 411 S Broadway | Portland | Oregon | This project did not move forward until 1889, when a local philantropist willed her financial estate to the Library Association of Portland. Demolished in 1913. | [21] | |
1888 | House for Henry Endicott | 151 Brattle St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | [20] | ||
1889 | Boston Storage Warehouse | Westland Ave | Boston | Massachusetts | Demolished. | [22] | |
1889 | Cambridge English High School | 435 Broadway | Cambridge | Massachusetts | Demolished in 1938. | [23] | |
1889 | House for Jabez Fox | 99 Irving St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as part of the Shady Hill Historic District. | [20] | |
1889 | Manufacturing facilities for the Cambridgeport Diary Company | 24 Blackstone St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | [20] | ||
1889 | University Hospital, University of Michigan |
Catherine St | Ann Arbor | Michigan | Demolished. | [24] | |
1890 | House for Lucius L. Hubbard | 32 Highland St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | [20] | ||
1890 | House for R. Austin Robertson | 50 Stimson Ave | Providence | Rhode Island | Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as part of the Stimson Avenue Historic District. | [25] | |
1891 | House for William E. Chamberlin | 27 Clinton St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | The home of the architect and his family. | [26] | |
1891 | House for Albert H. Davenport | 70 Salem St | Malden | Massachusetts | Built for the owner of A. H. Davenport & Company. | [27] | |
1896 | Nurses' Home, Mount Auburn Hospital |
330 Mount Auburn St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | [16] | ||
1898 | Cambridge Homes for Aged People | 360 Mount Auburn St | Cambridge | Massachusetts | Designed in association with Stickney & Austin. | [28] | |
1902 | House for William H. Pear | 23 Francis Ave | Cambridge | Massachusetts | [20] | ||
1904 | Savings Bank Building | 689 Massachusetts Ave | Cambridge | Massachusetts | Designed in association with Clarence H. Blackall. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 as part of the Central Square Historic District. | [29] |
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "William Everett Chamberlin," in Biographical History of Massachusetts, vol. 5, ed. Samuel Atkins Eliot (Boston: Massachusetts Biographical Society, 1914)
- ^ "Two Rhode Island Architects," American Architect and Building News 91, no. 1624 (February 9 1907): 67-72.
- ^ Alice Thomine-Berrada, Emile Vaudremer, 1829-1914: la rigueur de l'architecture publique (Picard, 2004)
- ^ "Personal," Architecture and Building 16, no. 12 (March 19 1892): 142.
- ^ Julius A. Schweinfurth, "School Architecture," School Journal (June 27 1896): 770-773.
- ^ Edmund M. Wheelwright, "The American Schoolhouse. VI," Brickbuilder 7, no. 4 (April 1898): 73-77.
- ^ "Building Intelligence," Engineering and Building Record 22, no. 13 (August 30 1890): 208.
- ^ Municipal Architecture in Boston, From Designs by Edmund M. Wheelwright, ed. Francis W. Chandler (Boston: Bates & Guild Company, 1898)
- ^ "The Magnificent High School at York, Pa.," American School Board Journal 28, no. 3 (March 1904): 14.
- ^ "New Schools," Engineering Record 34, no. 18 (October 3 1896): 339.
- ^ American School Board Journal 24, no. 6 (June 1904): 28.
- ^ "Schools," Engineering Record 68, no. 6 (August 9 1913): 54.
- ^ Technology Architectural Record 5, no. 4 (September 1912): 75.
- ^ Randell L. Makinson, Greene & Greene: Architecture as a Fine Art (Salt Lake City: Gibbs M. Smith, 1977)
- ^ "Notes," Sanitary Engineer 9, no. 16 (March 20 1884): 387.
- ^ a b "CAM.269", mhc-macris.net, Massachusetts Historical Commission, n.d.
- ^ "Our Illustration of a Moderate-Cost House," Sanitary Engineer 13, no. 19 (April 8 1886): 441.
- ^ "BOS.1983", mhc-macris.net, Massachusetts Historical Commission, n.d.
- ^ "Our Illustration of a Moderate-Cost House," Sanitary Engineer 15, no. 4 (December 25 1886): 86.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Christopher Hail, Cambridge Buildings and Architects (2002)
- ^ 23rd and 24th Annual Reports of the Library Association of Portland, 1886-87 (Portland, OR: Library Association of Portland, 1888)
- ^ "Our Architectural Illustrations," Engineering and Building Record 20, no. 11 (August 10 1889): 142.
- ^ "City Government," Cambridge (MA) Chronicle, January 5 1889, 2.
- ^ "Building Intelligence," Engineering and Building Record 20, no. 26 (November 23 1889): 374.
- ^ "Building Intelligence," Engineering and Building Record 22, no. 9 (August 2 1890): 144.
- ^ "New Buildings," Cambridge (MA) Tribune, August 22 1891, 1.
- ^ Douglass Shand-Tucci, Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800-2000 (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999): 146.
- ^ "The Boston Architectural Exhibition," Brickbuilder 8, no. 6 (June 1899): 115.
- ^ Anthony Mitchell Sammarco, Cambridge (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 1999): 80.