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The Uralic peoples or the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples are the nations who speak Uralic languages. The three largest ethnic groups that speak Uralic languages are the Hungarians, Finns and Estonians, in the nation states of Hungary, Finland, and Estonia, respectively. The Indigenous Sámi people live in the Sápmi area, which consists of the northern parts of the Fennoscandian Peninsula. Some other Finno-Ugric peoples in the titular autonomous republics within Russia. These are the Mordvins in the federal Mordovian Republic, the Karelians in Republic of Karelia, Komi in Komi Republic, Udmurts in Udmurt Republic, and Mari in Mari El Republic. The Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug was set up for the Khanty and Mansi of Russia. The Komi-Permyaks live in the Komi-Permyak Okrug. There are also other Uralic minorities.

• language
• early history
• modern history: kinship here, political consequences
• projections
• genetics (or lack of)
• cultures, religions

Some of the Uralic peoples associate less strongly with the kinship ideology. In particular, the Saami have instead emphasised their connection with the other Arctic peoples, and there have been some movements in Hundary which have denied even the existence of the linguistic connection.

Peoples

Geographic distribution

Finno-Ugric languages

Ethnic groups with extinct languages

• Merya people
• Meshchera people
• Muromian people
• Zavoloshka Chudes
• Volkhov Chudes

International Finno-Ugric societies

In the Finno-Ugric countries of Finland, Estonia and Hungary that find themselves surrounded by speakers of unrelated tongues, language origins and language history have long been relevant to national identity. In 1992, the 1st World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples was organized in Syktyvkar in the Komi Republic in Russia, the 2nd World Congress in 1996 in Budapest in Hungary, the 3rd Congress in 2000 in Helsinki in Finland, the 4th Congress in 2004 in Tallinn in Estonia, the 5th Congress in 2008 in Khanty-Mansiysk in Russia, the 6th Congress in 2012 in Siófok in Hungary,, the 7th Congress in 2016 in Lahti in Finland, and the 8th Congress in 2021 in Tartu in Estonia. The members of the Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee include: the Erzyas, Estonians, Finns, Hungarians, Ingrian Finns, Ingrians, Karelians, Khants, Komis, Mansis, Maris, Mokshas, Nenetses, Permian Komis, Saamis, Tver Karelians, Udmurts, Vepsians; Observers: Livonians, Setos.

In 2007, the 1st Festival of the Finno-Ugric Peoples was hosted by President Vladimir Putin of Russia, and visited by Finnish President, Tarja Halonen, and Hungarian Prime Minister, Ferenc Gyurcsány.

Beliefs

Shamanism has had a historically important influence on the mythologies of northern and central Eurasian peoples, including those speaking languages of the Uralic, Yeniseian, Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families. Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, though also in Indo-European and North American mythology, are found myths about a world tree or axis mundi, capped by the North Star, at the center of the world, which is encircled by a stream, the idea that asterisms were animal spirits, the idea that the land of the dead beneath the earth was also the home of spirits, and the earth-diver: a bird floating on the primary ocean that dives to bring up the land.

Population genetics

The linguistic reconstruction of the Finno-Ugric language family has led to the postulation that the ancient Proto-Finno-Ugric people were ethnically related, and that even the modern Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples are ethnically related. Such hypotheses are based on the assumption that heredity can be traced through linguistic relatedness, although it must be kept in mind that language shift and ethnic admixture, a relatively frequent and common occurrence both in recorded history and most likely also in prehistory, confuses the picture and there is no straightforward relationship, if at all, between linguistic and genetic affiliation. Still, the premise that the speakers of the ancient proto-language were ethnically homogeneous is generally accepted.

Modern genetic studies have shown that the Y-chromosome haplogroup N3, and sometimes N2, is almost specific though certainly not restricted to Uralic- or Finno-Ugric-speaking populations, especially as high frequency or primary paternal haplogroup. These haplogroups branched from haplogroup N, which probably spread north, then west and east from Northern China about 12,000–14,000 years before present from father haplogroup NO (haplogroup O being the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Southeast Asia).

A study of the Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples of northern Eurasia (i.e., excluding the Hungarians), carried out between 2002 and 2008 in the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Helsinki, showed that the Finno-Ugric-speaking populations do not retain genetic evidence of a common founder. Most possess an amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools that may have been present in central Asia, with subsequent genetic drift and recurrent founder effects among speakers of various branches of Finno-Ugric. Not all branches show evidence of a single founder effect. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations were found to be genetically a heterogeneous group showing lower haplotype diversities compared to more southern populations. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations possess unique genetic features due to complex genetic changes shaped by molecular and population genetics and adaptation to the areas of Boreal and Arctic North Eurasia.

Archaeology

• Ananyino culture
• Comb Ceramic culture
• Dyakovo culture

See also

• Samoyedic peoples
• Finno-Ugrian suicide hypothesis
• Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore

List of References

General

• Salminen, Tapani (2023). "On the Demography, Endangerment, and Revitalization of the Uralic Languages". In Abondolo, Daniel Mario; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (eds.). The Uralic languages. Routledge Language Family (2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315625096-2. ISBN 978-1-138-65084-8.
• Laakso, Johanna (2022). "The making of the Uralic nation-state languages". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena K. (eds.). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198767664.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
• Laakso, Johanna, ed. (1991). Uralilaiset kansat: tietoa suomen sukukielistä ja niiden puhujista [Uralic peoples: information about the Finno-Ugric languages and their speakers]. Porvoo: WSOY. ISBN 978-951-0-16485-3.
• Hajdú, Péter (1975). Finno-Ugrian languages and peoples. London : Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-96552-9.
• Nanovfszky, György; Bartha, Antal; Teleki László Alapítvány, eds. (2004). The Finno-Ugric world. Budapest: Teleki László Foundation. ISBN 978-963-7081-01-9.
• Bondarenko, Dmitri; Kazankov, Alexander; Khaltourina, Daria; Korotayev, Andrey (2005). "Ethnographic Atlas XXXI: Peoples of Easternmost Europe". Ethnology. 44 (3): 261–289. doi:10.2307/3774059. ISSN 0014-1828.

Pre-20th Century History

• Ed. Timothy Reuter, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 496-497. ISBN 0-521-36447-7.
• https://archive.org/details/emergenceofrus750000fran
• Brown, P. B. (2023). The Seventeenth-Century Uralic Peoples and Language Processes: What Anthroponymy, Law, Cadaster Data, Government Bodies, and Physical Regime Can Tell Us. Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 58(1-2), 67-105. https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.30965/22102396-05801006
• Patrušev, Valerij Stepanovič (2000). The early history of the Finno-Ugric peoples of European Russia. Studia archaeologica Fenno-Ugrica. Oulu: Societas Historiae Fenno-Ugricae. ISBN 978-951-97040-3-6.
• Saag, Lehti; Laneman, Margot; Varul, Liivi; Malve, Martin; Valk, Heiki; Razzak, Maria A.; Shirobokov, Ivan G.; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Mikhaylova, Elena R.; Kushniarevich, Alena; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Solnik, Anu; Reisberg, Tuuli; Parik, Jüri; Saag, Lauri (May 2019). "The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East". Current Biology. 29 (10): 1701–1711.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 6544527. PMID 31080083.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
• The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Vols. 1&2
• Zvelebil, M (2001). "Revisiting Indreko's culture historical model: "Origin and area of settlement of the Finno-Ugrian peoples"". Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences. 5 (1): 26. doi:10.3176/tr.2001.1.03. ISSN 1406-0922.
• "Revisiting Indreko's Culture Historical Model: 'Origin and Area of Settlement of the Finno-Ugrian peoples". doi:10.3176/tr.2001.1.03. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
• Tambets, Kristiina; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Rootsi, Siiri; Honkola, Terhi; Vesakoski, Outi; Atkinson, Quentin; Skoglund, Pontus; Kushniarevich, Alena; Litvinov, Sergey; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lehti; Rantanen, Timo (December 2018). "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations". Genome Biology. 19 (1). doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6151024. PMID 30241495.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
• Hartley, Janet M. (2022). The Volga: a history of Russia's greatest river (First published in paperback ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-24564-6.
• Róna-Tas, András; Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history. Translated by Bodoczky, Nicholas. Budapest New York: Central European Univ. Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
• The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age
• Patrušev, Valerij Stepanovič (2000). The early history of the Finno-Ugric peoples of European Russia. Studia archaeologica Fenno-Ugrica. Oulu: Societas Historiae Fenno-Ugricae. ISBN 978-951-97040-3-6.
• Grünthal, Riho; Kallio, Petri (2012). A linguistic map of prehistoric Northern Europe. Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia. Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne. ISBN 978-952-5667-42-4.
• Perrie, Maureen, ed. (2006). The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 1: From Early Rus' to 1689. The Cambridge History of Russia. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/chol9780521812276. ISBN 978-1-107-63942-3.
• Braden, Kathleen (2020), Brunn, Stanley D.; Kehrein, Roland (eds.), "Pre-Slavic Minority Languages and Geographic Names in Northwest Russia", Handbook of the Changing World Language Map, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1981–1997, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02438-3_11, ISBN 978-3-030-02438-3, retrieved 2024-01-08
• https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/slavica-helsingiensia-27/ (Slavicization of the Russian North)

Minorities / endangered languages

• de Cordier, Bruno (December 1997). "The Finno‐Ugric peoples of Central Russia: Opportunities for emancipation or condemned to assimilation?". Central Asian Survey. 16 (4): 587–609. doi:10.1080/02634939708401013. ISSN 0263-4937.
• Pasanen, Annika; Laakso, Johanna; Sarhimaa, Anneli (2022). "The Uralic minorities: Endangerment and revitalization". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena K. (eds.). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198767664.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
• Zamyatin, Konstantin (2022). "Language policy in Russia: The Uralic languages". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena K. (eds.). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198767664.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
• Lallukka, Seppo 1990: The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union. An Appraisal of the Erosive Trends. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae B 252.
• Saarinen, Sirkka 2008: Venäjän suomalais-ugrilaiset kansat Neuvostoliiton hajoamisen jälkeen [Finno-Ugric peoples in Russia after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union] AURAICA. Scripta a Societate Porthan edita, (1), 101–106.
• "Suomensukuiset hupenevat" [Finno-Ugric peoples are vanishing]. Ulkopolitiikka (in Finnish). 2015-12-15. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
• Resolution 1171 (1998) Endangered uralic minority cultures
• "Ethnic and Linguistic Context of Identity: Finno-Ugric Minorities". Uralica Helsingiensia (in Finnish). 5. 2011.
• Recommendation 1775 (2006) Situation of Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples, Parliamentary Assembly and a Reply from the Committee of Ministers (2007)
• Kowalev, Viktor (September 2000). "Power and Ethnicity in the Finno-Ugric Republics of the Russian Federation: The Examples of Komi, Mordovia, and Udmurtia". International Journal of Political Economy. 30 (3): 81–100. doi:10.1080/08911916.2000.11644017. ISSN 0891-1916.
• "The Finno-Ugrics: The dying fish swims in water", The Economist, pp. 73–74, December 24, 2005 – January 6, 2006, retrieved 2013-01-19
• Sommer, Łukasz (2014). "Historical Linguistics Applied: Finno-Ugric Narratives in Finland and Estonia". The Hungarian Historical Review. 3 (2): 391–417. ISSN 2063-8647.
• Grünthal, Riho (2005-06-07). "Selvitys Suomen sukukansaohjelmasta" [A report on Finland's program on kindred peoples]. julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2023-12-24.
• Taagepera, Rein (2001). "Eastern Finno-Ugrian Cooperation and Foreign Relations". Nationalities Papers. 29 (1): 181–199. doi:10.1080/00905990120036457. ISSN 0090-5992.
• The fall of an empire, the birth of a nation : national identities in Russia. Aldershot, England ; Burlington, Vt. : Ashgate. 2000. ISBN 978-1-85521-902-1.
• Toulouze, Eva (2017). "A Long Great Ethnic Terror in the Volga Region. A War before the War". In Kotljarchuk, Andrej; Sundström, Olle (eds.). Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union. New Dimensions of Research. Södertörn University. ISBN 978-91-7601-777-7.

Finno-Ugric movement

• Saarinen, Sirkka (2010-08-21). "The Myth of a Finno-Ugrian Community in Practice". Nationalities Papers. 29 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1080/00905990120036376. ISSN 0090-5992.
• https://portaal.eki.ee//hoimurahvasteprogramm.html
• Salomaa, Ilona (2013), Muir, Simo; Worthen, Hana (eds.), ""I Devote Myself to the Fatherland": Finnish Folklore, Patriotic Nationalism, and Racial Ideology", Finland's Holocaust, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 69–94, doi:10.1057/9781137302656_4, ISBN 978-1-349-45390-0, retrieved 2024-01-03
• "Hõimurahvad | Kultuuriministeerium". www.kul.ee. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
• Arukask, Madis (January 2018). "Soomeugrilusest Eesti rahvuspildis – Kas jagatud emotsioon või hägune küsitavus?". Keel ja Kirjandus. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
• Korkut, Umut (2009-04-21), Eager, Pragmatic or Reluctant: Can Common Finno-Ugric Ethnic and Linguistic Links Substantiate Intra-EU CFSP Co-Operation? (SSRN Scholarly Paper), Rochester, NY, doi:10.2139/ssrn.1392787, retrieved 2024-01-04{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Halmesvirta, Anssi (2021). "Hungary and Finland in interwar years: A Comparative Survey". In Barta, Róbert; Kerepeszki, Róbert; Kania, Krzysztof; Novák, Ádám (eds.). Trianon 1920–2020. Some Aspects of the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1920. University of Debrecen. pp. 31–44. ISBN 978-963-490-279-9.
• Halmesvirta, Anssi; Nyyssönen, Heino, eds. (2006). Bridge building and political cultures: Hungary and Finland 1956-1989. Hungarologische Beiträge. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä. ISBN 978-951-39-2422-5.
• "Why are so many Hungarians concerned with finding relatives in the East? – Interview with historian Balázs Ablonczy". Hungary Today. 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
• Ablonczy, Balázs (2022). Go east! a history of Hungarian Turanism. Studies in Hungarian history. Translated by Lambert, Sean. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-05740-2.
• Gulya, János (ed.) Konfrontation und Identifikation: Die finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen und Völker im europäischen Kontext, Harrassowitz 2002
• For context: Kamusella, Tomasz (2009). The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe. Basingstoke New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-55070-4.
• Distorted mirror: Mironova, Natalya; Shabaev, Yuri (2019-12-28). "Finno-Ugric Pan-Nationalism: Concepts History And Its Ideological Practice". European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. doi:10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.04.380. ISSN 2357-1330.
• Zamyatin, Konstantin (2013-01-01). "Finno-Ugric Republics and Their State Languages: Balancing Powers in Constitutional Order in the Early 1990s". Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja. 2013 (94): 337–381. doi:10.33340/susa.82605. ISSN 1798-2987.
• Roht, Eva-Liisa (2010). Soomeugrilased ja samojeedid eesti meedias. Soome-ugri identiteedi kuvand ja põlisrahvaste õigused. Tupits, Ave; Labi, Kanni (Toim.). Vahetatud laps. (103−118). Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum. (Pro Folkloristica; XV).
• https://fennougria.ee/en/tonu-seilenthal-on-cooperation-with-the-finno-ugric-peoples-of-russia/
• https://keeljakirjandus.ee/ee/archives/25231
• "FINLEX ® - Valtiosopimukset: 63/1992". www.finlex.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2024-01-07.
• https://www.vikerkaar.ee/archives/12246

Culture

• Petrukhin, Vladimir. Myths of Finno-Ugric Peoples. Moscow, 2005. 463 p. (Russian: Петрухин В. Я. Мифы финно-угров. М., 2005. 463 с.)
• World Outlook of Finno-Ugric People. Moscow, 1990. (Russian: Мировоззрение финно-угорских народов. М., 1990.)
• People of Volga and Uralic regions. Komi-Zyrians. Komi-Permyaks. Mari. Mordvins. Udmurts. Moscow, 2000. (Russian: Народы Поволжья и Приуралья. Коми-зыряне. Коми-пермяки. Марийцы. Мордва. Удмурты. М., 2000.)

Others

• Physical anthropology of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Физическая антропология финно-угорских народов. Physical anthropology of Finno-Ugric peoples. Author(s): Karin Mark. Designer: Kersti Siitan
• http://hdl.handle.net/10138/235223