Articles are always spelled as illustrated below, no matter how they are pronounced.
The suffix inherited from latin -arius is spelled -är.
The emphatic negative particle is always spelled miga, no matter how they are pronounced.
The masculine plural takes -j if there are variants where it sounds different from the singular, the feminine one always -e.
Etymological e is retained in orthography when it is not absent in all dialects; conversely, if the letter is a phonological addition not occurring everywhere, it is not indicated (e.g. envêrn, not envêren).
Etymological h is only ever retained in the forms of verb "to have", except the infinitive and the past participle.
An apostrophe may be used, though it is never mandatory, to suggest everyday-speech elision of a vowel.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamDouble letters are used to indicate a word-final long vowel or a consonant preceded by a stressed short vowel. Double graphic consonants after unstressed vowels are only used when stress may move on them (e.g. ciappà[tʃaˈpa] but ciappe[ˈtʃapi]). Digraphs and trigraphs (except for ⟨dj⟩ where silent, ⟨zj⟩, ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩) count as double.
