User:Is123Biblio/sandbox

• Adaptation in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies Exhibiting Tolerance to Varroa destructor in Ireland was published in 2018, based on observations from seven years previously.

• Can introgression in M-lineage honey bees be detected by abdominal colour patterns? was published in 2020. The authors misidentified the sub-species in the M Lineage and their analysis of the A. m. mellifera samples stated that colour could be used for colony selection when genetic tools are unavailable. However the results showed that bees from Ireland and Britain could be identified as A. m. melifera as long as they did not have yellow banding into the third tergite, meaning that 40% of the A. m. mellifera contained colour patterns, even though it is commonly referred to as the black bee.

• Increased levels of introgression evident in Irish honey bees was published in 2024 (completed in early 2023, from samples taken in 2019 and 2020, no explanation was given for why these samples were not included in the 2021 research). The paper asserts that the A. m. mellifera is native to Ireland but does not provide supporting evidence for this, as well as from 2012 to 2021 that the number of imported Queens (assumed to be non-A. m. mellifera) into the Republic of Ireland increased from 102 to 1279. The paper describes Irish beekeepers difficulty in "trying to maintain black bees", even though research from 2020 had shown that black vs. coloured A. m. mellifera had comparable DNA composition.

Thirty six "free-living" (feral) colonies were sampled from across Ireland, of which 25% were identified as descending from non-A. m. mellifera queens imported from before 2016, no explanation was given for the greater survival rate of the non-A. m. mellifera descended colonies. All colonies sampled were A. m. mellifera, except for four individual bees which fell 2.5% short of being designated as A. m. mellifera, the authors stated that this indicated A. m. mellifera descended queens had mated with non-A. m. mellifera drones. No explanation was given for why only a single bee was DNA sampled from each hive, while previous DNA samples of honey bee colonies usually contained 30 to 100 bees. In context these four bees represent less than 0.008% of total honey bees sampled in Ireland since 2017.

The research was reported in Newspapers (before it's publication) entitled Native black honey bee fading fast amid swarm of foreign imports, NIHBS said "that the research showed how the honey bee population is being devastated", and based on the discovery of these four honey bees concluded that the introgression of A. m. mellifera in Ireland had increased "to over 12pc in a five-year period".

break

Insert a probe to swab the cell, if there is a sticky or "ropey" portion attached to the probe that creates a "string" between the cell and the probe, the hive is likely infected with American foulbrood

Terminology

Within the Native (Black) Honey Bee (A. m. mellifera) beekeeping organizations, racial terminology is often used that is exclusive to this groups and not used throughout the wider beekeeping community. Such the use of "race" instead of sub-specie, a term within science that stopped being used in the 1990's, as well as "racial purity" instead of genetic purity, or "foreign", "immigrant", "yellow" all referring to non-A. m. mellifera. Other such racially charged terms also used, include "racial profiling" and "apartheid" viewed as desirable actions.

Can introgression in M-lineage honey bees be detected by abdominal colour patterns? 2020

CITATION USED TWICE Frisch advocated the use of eugenics as far as preventing, through sterilisation, people with hereditary diseases from reproducing (giving as examples deafness, blindness, haemophilia and crippled limbs). However, he cautioned that "such action certainly represents a great restriction of personal liberty and it demands the highest ethical integrity

of those men who are responsible for its application". He hoped that this could be introduced through voluntary schemes and education about family planning.

Footnotes

The Munster Express Page 40 12th October 2021 Ireland's native honey bees Jonathon Getty (East Waterford Beekeepers' Association) https://www.nihbs.org/2021/07/02/4559/

Shortcuts (Notes/reminders) for my reference:

WP:ONUS not everything needs to be included, just because it's verifiable doesn't guarantee inclusion; it must add to article.

WP:DUE must be seen to be neutral, look at it from other peoples perspectives!

BRD BOLD, revert, discuss cycle:

Note to self: don't be too bold if there appears to be a lot of activity on the wiki page, would be a good idea to ask for help on the Talk Page first before being BOLD!

ALSO remember even rehashing something and (re)posting it, even if you think it is substantially different isn't good enough IF there is a discussion / debate going on about the subject, ESPECIALLY if the other person(s) may view it as a Revert - remember this or you will accidentally walk into an Edit War.

IF an Edit War appears to be about to begin or to avoid it, or if you can't get concensus then use WP:TEAHOUSE (in the spirit of Wiki, help other members out so they don't fall foul of the three-revert rule and remind them tactfully about blocked from editing (read it yourself just incase) and also WP:POINTY

Failing this, read up on the below and put into practice;

noticeboard

dispute resolution

page protection

WP:INSTAGRAM

Thank you for your contributions. Please mark your edits, such as your recent edits to Beekeeping, as "minor" only if they are minor edits. In accordance with Help:Minor edit, a minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute. Minor edits consist of things such as typographical corrections, formatting changes or rearrangement of text without modification of content. Additionally, the reversion of clear-cut vandalism and test edits may be labeled "minor". Thank you. Captain Eek ^{Edits Ho Cap'n!} 00:49, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

Twinning

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland

Balbriggan is twinned with the following places:

• Belmar, United States
• Sankt Wendel, Germany

Etymology

Its name is derived from the Roman goddess Pomona, the protector of gardens, fruit trees and orchards, associated with the flourishing of the fruit, not its harvesting: With the name Pōmōna from the Latin word pōmus meaning fruit tree or fruit. The region of the Tien Shan Mountain range is near the former Kazakhstan capital, Almaty, previously called Alma-Ata which means the “father of apples”; this area has been described as a "center of diversity" for wild Malus species, Malus sieversii (wild apples), which our apple cultivars are descended from. Apples are Self-incompatible and require insect pollination which is typically provided by honey bees when grown as a commercial crop.

Useful Shortcuts

MOS:LIFE Capitalization and italics for Scientific (Latin) names and Common names.