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Articles to Work On

1. women in film - This article cites its facts and uses clear headings for its topics. However, the topics are slightly unorganized, and it could maybe use a controversy section.
2. Bechdel test - This article uses neutral language and has clear organization. It also includes a controversy section. It could use more information to support some claims.
3. Inequality in Hollywood - This is an orphan article that needs a lot of work. The introduction should be longer, and more sources/links to other articles need to be added.

Edit to an article

I plan on editing the Bechdel Test section of the Women in Film article.

The current sentence: "The Bechdel test is a 1985 gender analysis approach that originated from work by Allison Bechdel that is used to assess the gender equality of films"

My change: "The Bechdel test, originating in 1985 from the comic strip "Dykes to Watch Out For" by Allison Bechdel, is an approach to observing the representation of women in popular film. Bechdel attributes the idea to Liz Wallace and has said the test should be called the "Bechdel-Wallace test".

Annotated Bibliography for women in film

1. In "Where Are the Film Directors (Who Happen to be Women)?", Martha Lauzen (Executive Director of the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film at San Diego State University) discusses two possible theories for the underemployment of women directors in the film industry. Using statistics, others' theories, and quotations from women directors and studio executives, Lauzen explores the ways in which reasons for the lack of women in the industry differ based on the person asked. The human capital theory and the discrimination theory offer two contrasting explanations for the low statistics of women working as directors. It is useful because it cites people working in the film industry that give real examples of gender inequality in film-making. Additionally, Lauzen has written multiple other essays about the lack of women both behind and on the screen. Along with being an Executive Director at San Diego University, as mentioned above, she is also a professor of film and an author of both the annual Celluloid Ceiling report and various articles about women on and off screen.
2. "The Confidence Game" by B. Ruby Rich recalls the emergence of women's cinema in the 1970s and talks about women's lack of confidence working in the industry today. Through personal anecdotes and historical narratives, Rich discusses the work of women filmmakers in the era. She describes the start of Women Making Movies (WMM), how it overcame initial problems, and how it helps women filmmakers face discrimination within the industry. Additionally, Rich argues that the lack of confidence that women have in their work leads to a lack of women in film schools and working as filmmakers later on. Her conversational, passionate tone may not be entirely suitable for Wikipedia, but the article touches on important historical information of beginnings for women in film-making. Rich is a professor of film at UC Santa Cruz and a critic of independent and feminist film, so her writing is credible.
3. In "Looking Back and Forward: A Conversation about Women Make Movies," Patricia White, a professor of film and media studies at Swarthmore College and a member of the WMM board, interviews the executive director of WMM, Debra Zimmerman, about the organization's work toward gender equality in film-making. Zimmerman discusses independent women's film festivals around the globe and WMM's effort to represent independent films mad by women. The interview provides information about the goals of the organization, how it has grown over time, and how it strives to represent women filmmakers that cannot be represented in Hollywood. White's interview and writing is credible because of her involvement with WMM and work as a professor.
4. Also by Martha Lauzen, "The Celluloid Ceiling: Behind-the-Scenes Employment of Women on the Top 100. 250. and 500 Films of 2016" gives statistics of women working in the industry for the top films of the year. These statistics and numbers show the facts of under representation of women filmmakers in the top movies. Lauzen writes the Celluloid Ceiling report every year to update statistics of the industry, and other evidence of her credibility can be seen in the first citation.
5. In "Based on a True Story: New Western Women and the Birth of Hollywood," Hilary A. Hallett discusses the push of women moving west in the late 1800s and the rise of Hollywood. It focuses on the publicity of the time urging women to move to Los Angeles and work in the motion picture industry. This source will be useful because it gives specific information about the history of Hollywood and the first women working in the industry in a time where they outnumbered men. Hallett works at Columbia University in the history department.
6. "Do Women Suffer from Network Closure? The Moderating Effect of Social Capital on Gender Inequality in a Project-Based Labor Market, 1929 to 2010" by Mark Lutter analyzes how social capital affects women and their advantages or disadvantages in the film industry. Lutter uses data on about 100,000 actors in about 370,000 productions from 1929-2010 to discover that women have a higher disadvantage when working in cohesive networks than in more diverse environments. Lutter approaches the topic from a social sciences point of view, so it will be useful for looking at the cause of misrepresentation from an overarching, career perspective, and not just from the point of view of feminist film scholars. Lutter works at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne and conducts research mainly on economic sociology and social structures.
7. In "The Role of Women On Screen and behind the Scenes in the Television and Film Industries: Review of a Program Research," Martha Lauzen and David Dozier examine films released in 1987, 1992, and 1997 to research the role of women behind the scenes in the film industry. They find that the lack of representation behind the scenes leads to a lack of representation on screen. This source is useful because it links the two fields of representation together, as I plan to do in my paper. Dozier is a professor of communications at San Diego State University. Lauzen's credibility, of course, can be seen above.
8. "Women and Men in Film: Gender Inequality Among Writers in a Culture Industry" by Denise Bielby and William Bielby tests three labor market dynamics to examine gender inequality in screenwriting. They compare and contrast screenwriting for feature films with writing for television, give an overview of women writers in the history of film, and examine data on writers' employment from 1982-1992 to discuss the pay gap between men and women writers. This is useful because it shows the gender inequality and its cause in a specific career in the industry. Bielby and Bielby are both professors of sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

*sources for the annotated bib start with #2 below