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User:Ichthyovenator/Homo list

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Skulls of four extinct species of Homo: Homo habilis (top left), Homo rudolfensis (top right), Homo ergaster (bottom left) and Homo naledi (bottom right). The skulls of H. habilis, H. rudolfensis and H. ergaster shown here are reconstructions.

This list of fossil species of Homo is a comprehensive listing of all species based on fossil material that have ever been included in the genus Homo, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes commonly accepted species, but also species that are disputed or controversial, as well as species names now considered invalid synonyms.

In addition to the only living species of the genus, modern humans (Homo sapiens), over a hundred species based on fossil material have at one point or another been assigned, or proposed to be assigned, to the genus Homo, many of them based only on single fossils. The vast majority of these species are now recognized as synonymous with more well-known species and modern scientists typically only recognize a handful of extinct species, the most commonly accepted being H. antecessor, H. erectus, H. ergaster, H. floresiensis, H. habilis, H. heidelbergensis, H. naledi, H. neanderthalensis and H. rudolfensis.

List

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[22 out of 102 entries in the list done]

The list below includes all species historically described as part of, or attributed to, the genus Homo in scientific literature based on fossil or sub-fossil material. Out of the 102 names listed, only nine extinct species are commonly accepted by modern researchers: H. antecessor, H. erectus, H. ergaster, H. floresiensis, H. habilis, H. heidelbergensis, H. naledi, H. neanderthalensis and H. rudolfensis. The recently published species H. luzonensis and H. longi have also not yet been challenged in the scientific literature.

In addition to these accepted species, there are several disputed and proposed species with varying degrees of acceptance among different researchers as well as a large amount of species names now recognized as invalid. Some potentially distinct populations of archaic humans, such as the Denisovans, the Red Deer Cave people and the Nesher Ramla Homo are excluded since they have not been formally scientifically described under new binomial names.

  Disputed/controversial
  Junior synonym or dubious/invalid name
  Regarded as species of another genus
  Regarded as subspecies
Species Authority Status Temporal range Habitat Cranial capacity
(cm3) 		Fossil record Ref
Homo acheulensis Wiegers
1915 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo aethiopicus[a] (Arambourg & Coppens
1968) 		Referred to Paranthropus[3]
(Paranthropus aethiopicus) 		see Paranthropus aethiopicus [3]
Homo afarensis[a] (Johanson, White & Coppens
1978) 		Referred to Australopithecus[2]
(Australopithecus afarensis) 		see Australopithecus afarensis [2]
Homo africanus[a] (Dart
1925) 		Referred to Australopithecus[2]
(Australopithecus africanus) 		see Australopithecus africanus [2]
Homo anamensis[a] (Leakey et al.
1995) 		Referred to Australopithecus[2]
(Australopithecus anamensis) 		see Australopithecus anamensis [2]
Homo aniensis Junior synonym[4]
(=Homo neanderthalensis) 		Italy (Aniene river)
Homo antecessor Bermúdez de Castro
1997 		Often recognized[5]
Homo antiquus[b] Adloff
1908 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo antiquus[b] Ferguson
1984 		Junior synonym
(=Australopithecus afarensis)
Homo aurignacensis Klaatsch & Hauser
1910 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo atapuerca Junior synonym
(=Homo heidelbergensis)
Homo azykhensis (Kasimova
2001) 		Junior synonym[8]
(=Homo heidelbergensis) 		400–350 Ka Azerbaijan (Azykh) N/A A fragmentary jawbone [8]
Homo bahrelghazali[a] (Brunet et al.
1995) 		Referred to Australopithecus[2]
(Australopithecus bahrelghazali) 		see Australopithecus bahrelghazali [2]
Homo boisei[a] (Leakey
1959) 		Referred to Paranthropus[9]
(Paranthropus boisei) 		see Paranthropus boisei [9]
Homo breladensis Marett
1911 		Junior synonym
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo calpicus Kieth
1911 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo capensis Broom
1917 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo cepranensis Disputed
(=Homo heidelbergensis?)
Homo chapellensis von Buttel-Reepen
1911 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo cro-magnonensis Junior synonym
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo daliensis Disputed
(=Homo erectus/sapiens?)
Homo drennani Kleinschmidt
1931 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo dubius Junior synonym[10]
(=Homo erectus) 		Indonesia (Java)
Homo ehringsdorfensis Paterson
1940 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis) 		Germany (Ehringsdorf) Ehringsdorf remains [11]
Homo erectus (Dubois
1893) 		Widely recognized[5][12]
Homo ergaster Groves & Mazák
1975 		Widely recognized[5][12]
(H. erectus s.l.)[c]
Homo floresiensis Brown et al.
2004 		Often recognized[5]
Homo florisbadensis Drennan
1935 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo helmei) 		South Africa (Florisbad) [11]
Homo fossilis Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo galilensis Joleaud
1931 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo garhi[a] (Asfaw et al.
1997) 		Referred to Australopithecus[2]
(Australopithecus garhi) 		see Australopithecus garhi [2]
Homo gautengensis Curnoe
2010 		Disputed
(=various species?) 		1.8–0.8 Mya South Africa Numerous skulls
Homo georgicus Gabunia et al.
2002 		Disputed[d]
(=Homo erectus?)[12] 		1.85–1.77 Mya Georgia (Dmanisi) 546 ccm Dmanisi skull 5 [14]
Homo gibraltarensis Battaglia
1924 		Junior synonym
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo grimaldicus Hilber
1922 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo grimaldiensis Gregory
1921 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo grimaldii Lapouge
1906 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo habilis Leakey et al.
1964 		Widely recognized[5][12]
Homo heidelbergensis Schoetensack
1908 		Widely recognized[5]
Homo helmei Dreyer
1935 		Disputed
(=Homo heidelbergensis/sapiens?) 		South Africa (Florisbad) [11]
Homo heringsdorfensis Werthe
1928 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo javanthropus Junior synonym[15]
(=Homo erectus) 		Indonesia (Java)
Homo kadabba[a] (Haile-Selassie
2001) 		Referred to Ardipithecus[16]
(Ardipithecus kadabba) 		see Ardipithecus kadabba [16]
Homo kanamensis Leakey
1935 		Junior synonym
(=Homo sapiens) 		Kenya (Kanam) [11]
Homo kenyaensis Zeitoun
2000 		Junior synonym[17]
(=Homo ergaster) 		1.63 ± 0.15 Mya Kenya (Koobi Fora) 850 ccm KNM ER 3733 [18]
Homo kiikobiensis[e] Bontsch-Osmolovskii
1940 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis) 		Ukraine (Kiik-Koba) [11]
Homo krapinensis Junior synonym
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo lantianensis Regarded as a subspecies
(Homo erectus lantianensis) 		Lantian man [19]
Homo larterti Pyrcraft
1925 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo leakeyi Heberer
1963 		Junior synonym (invalid name)
(=Homo ergaster/erectus) 		Tanzania (Olduvai Gorge) Olduvai Hominid 9 [11]
Homo lemousteriensis Wiegers
1915 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo longi Ji et al.
2021 		Recently published
Homo louisleakeyi Junior synonym
(=Homo ergaster/erectus) 		Olduvai Hominid 9
Homo luzonensis Détroit et al.
2019 		Recently published
Homo mapaensis Junior synonym
(=Homo heidelbergensis) 		Maba man
Homo marstoni Paterson
1940 		Junior synonym
(=Homo sapiens) 		England (Swanscombe) [11]
Homo mauritanicus Arambourg
1955 		Junior synonym
(=Homo erectus) 		Algeria (Tighennif) Three fossil mandibles
Homo microcranous Ferguson
1995 		Junior synonym[12]
(=Homo habilis) 		~1.9 Mya Kenya (Koobi Fora) 510 ccm KNM ER 1813 [20]
Homo modjokertensis Von Koenigswald
1936 		Junior synonym[12]
(=Homo erectus) 		1.49–1.43 Mya Indonesia (Mojokerto) Mojokerto child
Homo mousteriensis Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo murrensis Weinert
1936 		Junior synonym
(=Homo heidelbergensis) 		Germany (Steinheim) Steinheim skull [11]
Homo naledi
Homo narmadensis Junior synonym
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo naulettensis Baudouin
1916 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo neanderthalensis King
1864 		Widely recognized[5]
Homo njarasensis Nomen dubium
(=Homo heidelbergensis/sapiens?)
Homo okotensis Zeitoun
2000 		Junior synonym[17]
(=Homo ergaster) 		~1.6 Mya Kenya (Koobi Fora) 804 ccm KNM ER 3883 [21]
Homo paleohungaricus[f] Thoma
1966 		Junior synonym
(=Homo heidelbergensis) 		Hungary (Vértesszőlős) [11]
Homo palaestinensis Junior synonym
(=Homo heidelbergensis) 		Palestinian man
Homo palestinus Junior synonym
(=Homo heidelbergensis) 		Palestinian man
Homo pekinensis (Black
1927) 		Regarded as a subspecies[g]
(Homo erectus pekinensis) 		Peking man
Homo pithecanthropus Manouvrier
1896 		Junior synonym[23]
(=Homo erectus) 		~1–0.7 Mya Indonesia (Java) 900 ccm Java Man [23]
Homo platyops[a] (Leakey et al.
2001) 		Referred to Kenyanthropus[9]
(Kenyanthropus platyops) 		see Kenyanthropus platyops [9]
Homo praesapiens[h] Boule
1952 		Nomen nudum[i]
(=various) 		N/A [24]
Homo predmostensis Absolon
1920 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens) 		Czech Republic (Předmostí u Přerova) [11]
Homo predmosti[j] Matiegka
1938 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens) 		Czech Republic (Předmostí u Přerova) [11]
Homo primigenius Schwalbe
1906 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo priscus Krause
1909 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo ramidus[a] (White, Suwa & Asfaw
1994) 		Referred to Ardipithecus[2]
(Ardipithecus ramidus) 		see Ardipithecus ramidus [2]
Homo rhodesiensis Disputed
Homo robustus[a][k] (Broom
1938) 		Referred to Paranthropus[9]
(Paranthropus robustus) 		see Paranthropus robustus [9]
Homo robustus[k] (Weidenreich
1945) 		Junior synonym
(=Homo erectus) 		Indonesia (Java) [15]
Homo rudolfensis Widely recognized[5][12]
(H. habilis s.l.)[l]
Homo saldanensis Drennan
1955 		Junior synonym
(=Homo heidelbergensis) 		South Africa (Hopefield) Saldanha man [11]
Homo semiprimigenius Montando
1943 		Junior synonym
(=Homo sapiens) 		Israel [11]
Homo shanidarensis Junior synonym
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo soloensis Openoorth
1932 		Regarded as a subspecies[m]
(Homo erectus soloensis) 		117–108 Ka Indonesia (Java)
Homo spelaeus Lapouge
1899 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens)
Homo spyensis Junior synonym
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo steinheimensis Berchkhemer
1936 		Junior synonym
(=Homo heidelbergensis) 		Germany (Steinheim) Steinheim skull [11]
Homo stupidus Haeckel
1895 		Junior synonym
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo swanscombensis Kennard
1942 		Junior synonym
(=Homo neanderthalensis) 		England (Swanscombe) Swanscombe man [11]
Homo tautavelensis Regarded as a subspecies[n]
(Homo erectus tautavelensis)
Homo tchadensis[a] (Brunet et al.
2002) 		Referred to Sahelanthropus[3]
(Sahelanthropus tchadensis) 		see Sahelanthropus tchadensis [3]
Homo tnousteriensis Junior synonym
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo transprimigenius Farrer
1908 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo neanderthalensis)
Homo trinilensis Abel & Alsberg
1922 		Junior synonym[23]
(=Homo erectus) 		~1–0.7 Mya Indonesia (Java) 900 ccm Java Man [23]
Homo trinilis Junior synonym[10]
(=Homo erectus) 		Indonesia (Java)
Homo tsaichangensis McMenamin
2015 		Disputed[27][28]
(=Homo erectus/sapiens/Denisovan?) 		450–190 Ka Taiwan N/A Penghu 1 [29]
Homo tugenensis[a] (Senut et al.
2001) 		Referred to Orrorin[3]
(Orrorin tugenensis) 		see Orrorin tugenensis [3]
Homo wadjakensis[o] Dubois
1921 		Junior synonym[1]
(=Homo sapiens) 		Wajak crania
Homo walkeri[a] (Ferguson
1989) 		Referred to Paranthropus[16]
(Synonym of Paranthropus aethiopicus) 		see Paranthropus aethiopicus [16]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n As the definition of a genus in taxonomy is relatively arbitrary, some scholars prefer very broad definitions of the genus Homo, subsuming hominins otherwise considered part of other, seperate, genera into Homo.[2]
  2. ^ a b The name Homo antiquus has been coined independently for ancient hominins twice: first by Adloff (1908) for fossils now recognized as Neanderthal remains,[6] and then by Ferguson (1984) for fossils otherwise recognized as remains of Australopithecus afarensis.[7]
  3. ^ Homo erectus sensu lato – included under Homo erectus in broader definitions.[12]
  4. ^ Species name proposed by Georgian researchers for Dmanisi skull 5, one of the fossils of the Dmanisi hominins. The Georgian researchers now favor skull 5, and the rest of the Dmanisi material, as part of a single population of Homo erectus, referred to by them as Homo erectus georgicus or Homo erectus ergaster georgicus. Some other researchers have favored skull 5, or more of the Dmanisi material, to remain classified as a separate species.[13]
  5. ^ Also spelled Homo kiik-kobiensis.[11]
  6. ^ Also spelled Homo palaeohungaricus.[11]
  7. ^ Homo pekinensis is maintained as a distinct species by some scholars, on account of perceived morphological differences to other H. erectus.[22]
  8. ^ Also spelled Homo presapiens.[24]
  9. ^ Introduced by Boule (1952) as a general and collective term for archaic humans preceding Homo sapiens. The name has debatable actual scientific value.[24]
  10. ^ Also spelled Homo předmostí.[11]
  11. ^ a b Though it is not recognized as valid in either case, the name Homo robustus has been used for two seperate fossil hominins. If Paranthropus is subsumed under Homo, it is the name for the species otherwise referred to as Paranthropus robustus,[16] but the name is also a synonym of Homo erectus, given that it has been applied to H. erectus fossils from Java.[15]
  12. ^ Homo habilis sensu lato – included under Homo habilis in some broader definitions.[12]
  13. ^ Sees occasional support from some researchers as a distinct species, see for instance Zeitoun (2000).[25]
  14. ^ Tautavel Man was described under the name Homo erectus tautavelensis. The alternate species-level designation Homo tautavelensis has been used very rarely.[26]
  15. ^ Also spelled Homo wajakensis.[23]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Szalay & Delson 1979, p. 508.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cameron & Groves 2004; Collard & Wood 2007, p. 1588.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Collard & Wood 2007, p. 1589.
  4. ^ Romeo 1979, p. 11.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Strait, Grine & Fleagle 2015, p. 2006.
  6. ^ Ferguson 1989, p. 107.
  7. ^ White, Suwa & Asfaw 1994, pp. 306–312.
  8. ^ a b Mammadov 2019, pp. 8, 11.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Cameron & Groves 2004; Collard & Wood 2007, p. 1589.
  10. ^ a b Whitten, Soeriaatmadja & Afiff 1996.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hartwig 2002, p. 443.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Antón 2012, p. 279.
  13. ^ Schwartz, Tattersall & Chi 2014, p. 360-a.
  14. ^ Agustí 2018, p. 74.
  15. ^ a b c Sartono 1986, p. 274.
  16. ^ a b c d e Cameron & Groves 2004.
  17. ^ a b Bonde 2012, p. 171.
  18. ^ Bonde 2012, p. 171; Lepre & Kent 2010, pp. 3–4.
  19. ^ Sartono 1986, p. 286.
  20. ^ Antón 2012, pp. 279, 284, 288.
  21. ^ Bonde 2012, p. 171; Antón 2012, pp. 288.
  22. ^ Sawyer & Deak 2007, p. 171.
  23. ^ a b c d e Sartono 1986, p. 270.
  24. ^ a b c Romeo 1979, p. 111.
  25. ^ Zeitoun 2000, p. 103.
  26. ^ Arsuaga, Martinón-Torres & Santos 2019, p. 7.
  27. ^ Wu & Tong 2015.
  28. ^ Chen et al. 2019, pp. 409–412.
  29. ^ McMenamin 2015.

Bibliography

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